Telecommunication Basic

CentFor Technologies Co., Ltd.

Resource Center
2009.01
 Objective

After this course, you can ：

• Be familiar with the telecommunication system

structure

• Master the basic conception related to

telecommunication

• Know the development of telecommunication

technology
 Content

Chapter1 Telecommunication model

Chapter2 Basic conception

Chapter3 Telecommunication technology

 Telecommunication model

•The basic model structure

•The analog model structure

•The digital model structure

 The basic model structure

message signal signal message

Information transmit receive Information
source convertor convertor sink
channel

noise

message ： sound, graph, image, letter, ect

signal ： voltage, current or light changed by relative message

 The analog model structure

Transmitter modulator channel demodulator receiver

noise

modulate ： To vary the frequency, amplitude, phase, or other chara

cteristic of (electromagnetic waves or baseband signal).

demodulate ： the converse of modulation

 Receiver
Source decoder
The digital model structure

Channel decoder
Demodulator

code ： to convert signal into binary code

Channel Noise

encode ： the converse of coding

Modulator
Channel coder
Source coder
Transmitter
 Content

Chapter1 Telecommunication model

Chapter2 Basic conception

Chapter3 Telecommunication technology

 Basic conception

•Signal

•Digitization of analog signal

•Code style of digital signal

•The coding principle of PCM

•Synchronization

•PCM group frame structure

•Multiple technology
 Signal

Voltage

0 0
Time

（ 1 ） analog signal （ 2 ） digital signal

Analog signal: connected

Digital signal: discrete

 Digitization of analog signal(1)
voltage
Voltage

time tiem

（ 1 ） analog signal （ 2 ） sample

00000001
00000010
00000011

11101010

（ 3 ） quantize （ 4 ） encode
 Digitization of analog signal(2)

• sample ： sample the connected signal to discrete s

ignal
Nyquist Rule:8KHz ， we can sample 8000 per secon
d
• quantize ： round the sample to a whole number ,

eg: the number 1.64 can be rounded to 2

• encode ： 8000×8=64Kbit/s
 Code style of digital signal(1)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

（ a ） NRZ

（ b ） AMI

（ c ） HDB3
 Code style of digital signal(2)
• NRZ ： Non-return-to-zero 单极性不归零码

NRZ is simple binary digit signal. 1—positive,0—zero

just used for transmission & exchange within the equipment,

cannot on the cable.

• AMI ：极性交替反转码

0—0 ,+1/-1—1

+1 、 -1 alternate instead of serial ”1”

HDB3 ：三阶高密度双极性码

based on AMI, limit serial “0” to make “0” no more than 3,

so that, it is popular in PCM system.

 30/32 PCM A-law non-line coding principle
1:正电压
Positive voltage
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D2 D3 D4 D1 0:负电压
Negative voltage

111
110
101 D5 D6 D7 D8
100 24=16
011
010
001
000
128256 512 1024mv 2048mv
163264
 Synchronization

Synchronization: the rate, the timing sign of transmitter is same a

s receiver. same frequency , same phase.

including ： bit synchronization 、

frame synchronization 、

multiple-frame synchronization 、

network synchronization
 PCM group frame structure （ 30/32 ）

16个子帧 T=（2ma）
复帧
结构 F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F0 F1 F2 F3 ……
32个时隙，256比特，T=125 us
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 ……
信令时隙 T=3.9us
帧同步时隙
0 0 0 0 a b c d
偶帧 F0
TS0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
复帧同步 备用
488ns
国内留用
奇帧
1 0 A1 1 1 1 1 1 F1 a b c d a b c d
TSO
A1：正常为0，失步告警为1 CH1 CH17
……

F2 a b c d a b c d
CH2 CH18

F15 a b c d a b c d
CH15 CH31
 PCM principle

• Sample 8000Hz （ period=1/8000=125us ）， every sample after q

uantization encode to 8bit, use 1 time slot.
• In 30/32 PCM ,32 ts use 125us. 32 TS make a frame, 16 frames
make a multi-frame.

• 1 frame 125μS ， then 1 TS :125/32=3.9μS ，

1 multi-frame:125X16=2ms.
• 1 frame ： 8×32=256 bits.
• Channel ratio ： 256bit/frame × 8000frame/second =2048 Kbps
• Voice road ratio ： 8bit/road ×8000 road/second=64Kbps
 Multiple technology

Frequency

Frequency
Frequency division multiple

Time
（ 1 ） FDM

Frequency

Code division multiple

Time division multiple

Time

Time
（ 3 ） CDM
（ 2 ） TDM
Code
 Content

Chapter1 Telecommunication model

Chapter2 Basic conception

Chapter3 Telecommunication technology

 Telecommunication technology

•SDH

•Single-mode optical cable & Multi-mode optical cable

•TCP/IP

•ATM

•HDLC
 Basic conception about SDH

SDH ： Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

• SDH network elements make transmission network .
• Its transmission medium is optical cable.
• SDH function : transmit & multiple & cross-join message synchr
onization.

• SDH basic module is called STM-1 （ Synchronous Transport M

odule ） .
The high level module :STM-4 、 STM-16 、 STM-64 。

• STM-1 ： 155520kbit/s STM-4 ： 622080kbit/s

STM-16 ： 2488320kbit/s STM-64 ： 995328kbit/s
 Single-mode & Multi-mode optical cable

SINGLE MODE FIBRE:

• just transmit one mode light;
• yellow cable;
• long distance,10~70KM;
• wave-length 1310nm/1550nm,the 1310nm the longer
distance;
• laser light;

MULTIMODE FIBRE:
• transmit more than 2 mode light;
• orange cable;
• short distance,200~2000m;
• cable is thick;
• wave-length 850nm;
• visible light;
 TCP/IP — TCP/IP layer module

Application
Ó ¦Ó à ²ã
Application Ó ¦Ó à ²ã
layer
layer

Transport Transport
´« Ê ä ²ã
layer ´« Ê ä ²ã
layer

Network Network Network Network

Íø Â ç ²ã
layer
Íø Â ç ²ã
layer
Íø Â ç ²ã
layer
Íø Â ç ²ã
layer

Link
Á ´ Â layer
·² ã ÁLink
´ Â ·² ã layer LinkÁ ´layer
 ·² ã Á ´  ·²layer
Link ã Link
Á ´ Â ·²layer
ã

Physical
ÎïÀ í²ã Physical
Î ïÀ í² ã Physical
ÎïÀ í²ã Physical
Î ïÀ í² ã Physical
Î ïÀ í² ã

End
¶ Ë Ïµ ͳ Router
 ·Ó É Æ ÷  ·Ó É Æ ÷
Router Bridge
Íø Ç Å End ¶ Ë Ï µ Í ³
system
system
 TCP/IP — TCP/IP structure （ 1 ）

IP is the most important protocol in

TCP/IP system. TELNET, FTP...

3 protocols are nice match for IP:

UPD, TCP
•ARP: Address resolution protocol
ICMP
•RARP :Reverse address resolution
protocol
•ICMP : Internet control messages
IP
protocol
ARP RARP
 TCP/IP — TCP/IP structure （ 2 ）

IP provides a global addressing manner, shielding the physical

network address differences, so that IP routing is possible.
IP provides a global message format, shielding the link layer
differences, so that interconnection is possible.

高层
Higher 协议
protocol

TCP/IP

Ethernet Token Ring X.25 FR ATM PPP/SDH

 TCP/IP — the format of IP data package
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

优先级 D T R C 未用

bit比特 0 4 8 16 19 24 31
版本 首部长度 服务类型 总 长 度
IP
20 个
head: 标 识 标志 段 偏 移
20
字节
bytes 寿 命 协 议 首 部 检 验 和
固定
长度 Origin
源 站IP address
地 址
IP
destination
目 的 站 IP IPaddress
地 址

Data
长度area : 长 度 可 变 的 任 选 字 段 填 充
the length is
可变 数 据
alterable
...
 TCP/IP — IP address style

0 1 2 3 4 8 16 24 31

AÀ à 0 net-id host-id

BÀ à 1 0 net-id host-id

CÀ à 110 net-id host-id

DÀ à 1110 Group组播地址
broadcast

EÀ à 11110 保留为今后使用
Reservation for future
 TCP/IP —IP address reserved

Net-id : all “0”,this network / a net-id unknowed network .

Net-id : all “1”.

Host-id : all “0”, it means network address.

Host-id :all”1” ,broadcast address, broadcast to all the host on the network.

IP address: all “0”, 0.0.0.0

IP address: all “1”,255.255.255.255

Net 127.X.X.X ： for loopback test

 TCP/IP —private network IP address

Private network IP address cannot exist in the internet.

10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
 TCP/IP —mask

Mask : 32 bit , to mark the length of subnet

Mask is made of a series of “1” and “0”

“1”------net id
“0”------host id
“1”and “0”cannot exist by cross

Eg: a IP address 10.20.1.1, its net-id 10.20.0.0 ,

then, its mask is 255.255.0.0 (16bits)
 ATM-Asynchronous transfer mode

ATM cell: cell head+ data area

ATM cell :424 bit the head: 40bit

data area :48bytes*8bit/byte=384bit
UNI NNI
87654321 87654321 87654321
1 GFC VPI 1 VPI 1
Ðhead
Cell Ô Íª ·
Å
5
VPI VCI VCI VCI
6
VCI VCI
Data
Ð area
Ï ¢
Å Óò VCI PT RES CLP VCI PT RES CLP
53 HEC 5 HEC 5
GFC Generic Flow Control
VPl Virtual Path ldentifier
VCl Virtual Channel ldentifier
PT Payload Type
RES Reserved
CLP Cell Loss Priority
HEC HeaderError Control
 ATM character

• statistic multiple

• Cell length is changeless (424bit)

• Used for WAN (wide area network) ,LAN (local area net
work)

• ATM integrate kinds of services, transfer voice signal

, data signal , image signal ,ect by different ratio.

• The bandwidth is distributed dynamic,

its ratio range:2Mbit/s~ 5Gbit/s
 HDLC

HDLC （ High_level Data Link Control ）：

• Frequency Division Dual (FDD)

• All frames CRC check ， prevent leak &repeat, high transfer reli
ability

used for Network design and interior communication design