WAVES AND SOUND

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Waves : A travelling disturbance that carries Energy through
matter and space.
 Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
 The energy moves through water causing surface to oscillate
up and down as the wave energy passes through.
 For waves ,there is no net displacement of the particles, but
there is a net displacement of wave.
 So there will be two different motions:
o The motion of particles
o The motion of wave
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 Non-Mechanical
Mechanical wave
wave
• Require medium • Doesn’t require
to travel medium to
• Sound Wave travel
• Electromagnetic
waves

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 TRANSVERSE WAVES:
 Where the movement of the particles of the medium is perpendicular to direction of
propagation of the wave.

 Particle Motion : Perpendicular to direction of wave travel

Line of Zero
Disturbance

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 Crest

Equilibrium

Line of Zero
Trough Disturbance

 Line of Zero
A CREST Disturbance:
is the part of theIttransverse
is the linewave
at which theisnet
which force
above theonline
theofparticles of
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 the mediumisisthe
A TROUGH zero.
part of transverse wave which is below the line of zero disturbance

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 LONGITUDINAL WAVES:

 Compressions are region of high molecular density and high pressure while
rarefactions are the regions of low molecular density and low pressure.

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 SOME BASIC TERMS RELATED TO WAVES:

 Wavelength:
 Amplitude: The
Themaximum
minimumdisplacement
distance inofwhich
a particle
wavefrom meanitself
repeats position in a wave
is called its
is called amplitude
wavelength SI Unit :of
mwave. SI Unit : m

Amplitude(A)

Equilibrium

Wavelength (λ)
Amplitude (A)

 Wavelength In a transverse wave refers to distance between peaks of two

consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs .
 Wavelength in a longitudinal wave refers to distance between two consecutive
compressions or rarefactions.
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 SOME BASIC TERMS RELATED TO WAVES:
 
 Time Period (period) (T) : Time taken by a particle to move through one complete cycle
of motion. SI UNIT : Second
 Frequency ( : Number of complete cycles or vibration or oscillations per unit of time
(one second) . SI Unit : Hertz (Hz)
 = Seconds
 = = = Hz

 Wave Speed (V): Distance travelled by the pattern of wave per unit time. SI UNIT : m/s
 =
 = ) = λƒ
 V = λƒ, Speed = Frequency × Wavelength

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1.After exercising, Jane takes her pulse. She realizes that her
heart is beating rapidly, approximate four beats every second.
What is the period of her elevated heart rate?

  Given
, ƒ = 4 Hz
T=?

T= = 0.25 s

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2. Water waves in the sea are observed to have a wavelength of
300 m and a frequency of 0.07 Hz. The Speed of these waves is

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3. A radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 99,500,000Hz. If
the broadcast is an electromagnetic wave, then what is its
wavelength?

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4. A wave oscillates with a speed of 13.4m/s and has a
wavelength of 6.7m. What is the frequency of the wave?

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5. A wave with a constant velocity doubles its frequency. What
happens to its wavelength?

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 SOUND

 All types of sound originate from vibrating objects.

 Some Vibrations are visible some are not.
 Frequency of sound produced is exactly equal to the frequency of the vibrating
source.

 Sound needs a medium for propagation.

 Speed of sound is different in different media.
 Speed of sound depends on the temperature of the medium.

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 FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED OF SOUND

 Elasticity : Higher the Elasticity, Higher will be speed of sound

 Density : Higher the density ,lesser will be speed of sound
 Humidity : Density of water vapour is less than dry air at same pressure and
temperature. So Humidity increases, speed of sound increases.
 Temperature
 Pressure: NO EFFECT
 Wind: Same Direction = Speed of Sound increases
Opposite Direction = Speed of Sound decreases

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 Infrasoni Ultrasoni
Audible
c c

20 Hz to
< 20 Hz > 20000 Hz
20000 Hz

Rhinoceros Dolphins ,
es, Whales Bats, Rats
Humans
and and
Elephants Porpoises

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 CHARACTERSTICS OF SOUND

1. Pitch
 Subjective Property
 High Frequency – Shrillness
 Low Frequency – Lower pitch
 Female Voice, guitar ,Sitar , Violin

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 CHARACTERSTICS OF SOUND
 
2. LOUDNESS
 Subjective Property
 High Amplitude – Loud sound
 Low Amplitude – Soft Sound
 Unit : dB (Decibel) , Bel
 Threshold of Hearing – 0 dB = 10-12 Watt/m2
 1 bel = 10 dB
 Intensity of Sound Square of the amplitude of Sound
 I A2

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 The amount of sound energy passing each second through unit area is
called the intensity of sound.
 Loudness and Intensity are not same.
 Loudness depend upon
 Human Ear
 Sensitivity of Ear to the frequency of sound
 Distance from the source of the sound
 Loudness can be considered as the intensity of an audible sound.
 Suppose two sounds of equal intensity , one is audible and another is
inaudible , then , our ears will hear the audible sound while inaudible
sound will not be detected by human ears.

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 CHARACTERSTICS OF SOUND

3. Quality (Timber)
 Property by which two sounds of the same pitch emitted
by two different sources can be distinguished from each
other
 Depends upon waveform of the sound produced by a
source
 Sound which is more pleasant to ear is said to be of a
rich quality

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Sonic Boom- When a sound ,Producing source moves with a speed higher
than that of speed of sound ,it produces shock waves in air. These shock
waves carry large amount of energy .The air pressure variation associated
with this type of shock waves produces a very sharp and loud sound

Subsonic speed – Sonic speed – Supersonic speed –

Speed of object < Speed of object = Speed of object
Speed of sound Speed of sound >Speed of sound

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 REFLECTION OF SOUND

Reflection
RE
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 APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASONIC SOUND

 Ultrasonic sound is used to clean objects like electronic

Components
 used to detect cracks in metal blocks,
 used in ultra sound scanners for getting images of internal
organs of the human body
 used to break small stones formed in the kidneys into fine
grains

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 SONAR

 A sonar which stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging is

technique used for determining the depth and also locating
underwater objects such as reefs, submarines etc.
 In this method, to find the depth of ocean, a strong
ultrasonic wave is sent from the ship towards the bottom
of the ocean. This ultrasonic is received back after it is
reflected from the bottom of the sea

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 HUMAN EAR
 Sound waves are collected by the pinna
 then are directed through ear canal sound waves on striking the eardrum
make it vibrate exactly the same way as the given sound emitting object.
 The bones in the middle ear start vibrating when eardrum vibrates.
 It helps in magnifying the vibrations.
 When the magnified vibrations reach the cochlea in the inner ear, the fluid
in it starts vibrating.
 These vibrations are picked up by sensory receptors and are converted into
electrical signals.
 These electrical signals then travel to the brain which interprets sound.

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SIMPLE PENDULUM

A pendulum oscillates because of

gravity acts as a restoring force for
its oscillatory motion. A pendulum
will not oscillate in space (zero
gravity) or in a satellite moving
around the earth or when it is
allowed to fall freely under gravity

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