Die materials

Presented by:-
Dr Manela Shill
2nd yr PG

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 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Definitions
 Steps
 Ideal requirements of die materials
 Die materials
 Conclusion
 References

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What is die ??????

 Die is the positive reproduction of the form

of a prepared tooth in any suitable
substance.

 A die must be an accurate reproduction of

the prepared tooth both in dimensions and
surface details.
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Need of die and die
system?????????

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Because direct fabrication of patterns for
extracoronal restorations in the mouth is
inconvenient
Difficult
Time consuming
Virtually impossible, practically all wax
patterns are made in the laboratory with the
indirect technique.

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 This technique requires an accurate
reproduction of the prepared tooth,
the surrounding soft tissues, and the
adjacent and opposing teeth.

Cast and die system

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Definition
Shillingberg-
“ Die is a model of individual prepared
tooth on which margins of wax pattern are
finished.”

GPT-9 “ Die is a positive reproduction of the

form of a prepared tooth in any suitable
substance.

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REQUIREMENTS FOR A DIE
 Precise reproduction of prepared tooth

 Finish line – discernable

 Adequate access to the margins.

 All surfaces must be accurately duplicated and no

bubbles or voids can be accepted

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REQUIREMENTS FOR A DIE

 The remaining unprepared tooth structure

immediately cervical to the finish line
should be easily discernible on the die,
ideally with 0.5 to 1.0 mm visible.

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 IDEAL PROPERTIES OF DIE
MATERIALS
Die materials used for the fabrication of fixed
prosthesis should be:

Durable
Stable
Dimensionally accurate
Show good reproduction of details.
Cost effective
Ease of manipulation
Compatible with various impression materials.
The ability to resist abrasion.
Good color contrast
Good strength and hardness.
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 DIE MATERIALS HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED AS

According to Kenneth J. Anusavice and J.F.Johnston

GYPSUM- NON GYPSUM-

1. RESIN- EPOXY RESIN,
TYPE IV AND Auto-polymerizing acrylic
TYPE V
2. CEMENT SILICOPHOSPHATE
3. FLEXIBLE DIE MATERIAL

4. CERAMIC DIES
5. ELECTROPLATED DIES

SILVER PLATED
COPPER PLATED
6. AMALGAM
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 DIE MATERIALS HAS ALSO BEEN CLASSIFIED AS:

NONMETALLIC
METALLIC:
1.GYPSUM -TYPE IV AND TYPE V
1. ELECTROPLATED DIES 2. RESIN-
SILVER PLATED EPOXY RESIN,
POLYURETHANE
COPPER PLATED
3.CEMENT SILICOPHOSPHATE
2. AMALGAM
4.FLEXIBLE DIE MATERIAL
5.CERAMIC DIES

Anusavice - Phillips Sciences of Dental materials, 10th Edition 14

 GYPSUM

Chemically the mineral used for dental purpose is

nearly pure calcium sulphate dihydrate.

Depending on the methods of CALCINATION

different forms of hemihydrates are formed such as :
1.)Dental plaster or beta hemihydrate
2.)Dental stone or alpha hemihydrate
3.)Improved stone or densite

Anusavice - Phillips Sciences of Dental materials, 10th Edition 15

Dental gypsum products are of 5 types identified
by ADA specification No 25 as follows:

Type I – Impression plaster

Type II – Dental plaster
Type III – Dental stone of medium strength stone
Type IV – Improved stone or high strength stone/ Die
stone
Type V – Dental stone, high strength, high
expansion.
Anusavice - Phillips Sciences of Dental materials, 10th Edition 16
STEPS OF DIE PREPARATION
Impression making

Pindexing

Preparing the cast

Disinfecting the cast

Sectioning of the cast

Application of die hardener and

die spacer

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 The most commonly used die material is the

 Type IV - Improved stone/high

strength stone / die stone
1. It is Inexpensive
2. Easy to use
3. Compatible with all elastomeric impression material.

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DIE STONE

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 Advantage- dimensional accuracy
- straight forward technique
- low cost

 Disadvantage-will be damaged if not handled

carefully.

 Precautions- accurate proportioning essential

-vacuum mix recommended
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Type V–Dental stone/high strength,
high expansion
1. Higher compressive strength than the Type IV
dental stone.

2. The setting expansion has increased from a

maximum of 0.10%- 0.30%. The rational for increase
is because base metal alloys have greater casting
shrinkage than do the traditional noble metal alloys.

The high expansion is required in the stone

used for the die in compensating for the alloy
solidification shrinkage.

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Advantage - straight forward technique
- low cost
-harder than type IV

Disadvantage- increased expansion ( so avoided in the

production of dies for inlays, since the higher
expansion may lead to unacceptable tight fits. )

Precautions-accurate proportioning essential

-vacuum mix recommended

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 THE CHIEF DISADVANTAGE OF THE TYPE IV
GYPSUM

Die is its susceptibility to abrasion during carving of the wax

pattern.

Gypsum dies are modified to:

1. Make them more abrasion resistant

2. Prevent the change in dimension of the dies

3. Increase the refractoriness of the die, or

4. Combination of these effects

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 TO MAKE THEM MORE ABRASION
RESISTANT

1. GYPSUM HARDENERS: such as aqueous colloidal

silica or soluble resin solutions, can be used instead of
water during mixing of the dental stone.

Disadvantage: Increase in setting expansion, which is

not clinically significant.

Dental materials- Properties and manipulation – Craig. 24

 2. To impregnate the surface of the die with low
viscosity resin such as epoxy, acrylic, styrene, or
cyanoacrylate.

 The mixed but uncured resin is applied to the
stone die, either in concentrated form or
diluted with an agent such as acetone.
 Dilution enhances penetration of the resin into
the stone and reduces the tendency of the resin
to increase the die dimensions.
 The increase in the abrasion resistance much
pronounced than the increase in strength and
hardness.
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 Disadvantage: Care is needed in selecting
and applying the resin.
 If not done properly ,resin can form
an excessive thick surface.

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 TO PREVENT THE CHANGE IN
DIMENSION OF THE DIES….

 To reduce the setting expansion of the Type

IV die stone to less than 0.10% -
additional accelerator (potassium sulfate)
and retarder (borax) can be added to the
gauging water.

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 DISINFECTION OF GYPSUM BASED
DIE MATERIALS

Spraying hypochlorite until wet .

Or Immersion in a 1:10 dilution sodium hypochlorite or
an iodophor (1:213).
Casts should be fully set (i.e. stored for atleast 24 hrs
before disinfection)

Disinfectant stone is available which has bactericidal

properties .

Some investigators recommend adding disinfectant to

gypsum during mixing.
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 TO PRODUCE RELIEF SPACE FOR
CEMENT-
DIE SPACERS

The most commonly used die spacer are resins.

Special proprietary paint-on liquid, model paint, nail polish or

thermoplastic polymers dissolved in volatile solvents are also used.

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DIE STONE AND INVESTMENT COMBINATION (DIVESTMENT)

Employs a die material and the investing medium with a

comparable composition.
A commercial gypsum-bonded material ,called
DIVESTMENT is mixed with a colloidal silica liquid.

The die is made from this mix and the wax pattern is
constructed on it.

The entire assembly is invested in a mixture of

Divestment and water, thereby eliminating the
possibility of distortion of the pattern on removal from
the die or during the setting of the investment.
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 The setting expansion 0.9%,
 The thermal expansion 0.6%
 Highly accurate for conventional gold alloys-
especially for extracoronal preparations.
 Not recommended for high fusing alloys
that are used for metal-ceramic restoration.

 So the phosphate bonded investment for

DIVESTMENT is used in the same manner
as the DIVESTMENT MATERIAL is used
with high fusing alloys.

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 RESINS

Resins are used to

overcome the low
strength and abrasion
resistance of the die
stone.

Mostly available resin die

materials are epoxy
resins.
Polyurethane is also used.
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 COMPOSITION:
 2 component system –
RESIN
HARDENER (Polyamine)

 Or fast setting auto mix system -

 Working time 15 mins

 Setting time is 1-12 hours
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Advantage:
1. Its abrasion resistance is many times greater than
the gypsum.
2. It sets rapidly.
3. High strength

Disadvantage:
1.More expensive
2.Undergoes some shrinkage during
polymerization.
3. time consuming complex procedure.

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 Precautions- not compatible with
polysulfide or hydrocolloid.

1) Epoxy resins react with polysulfide

impression materials.
2) Water retards the polymerization of
resin.

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AUTO-POLYMERISING ACRYLIC :
Although self-cure acrylic polymers are often
recommended for use as die materials,

Disadvantages.
The monomer reacts with all except silicone impression
materials.
The heat of reaction distorts thermoplastic materials.
There is a large percentage of monomer and the
resultant volumetric contraction makes the material
unsuitable as a die material.
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 SILICO PHOSPHATE CEMENT:
This die material consists of a combination of
zinc phosphate and silicate cement.
a) Powder – Zinc oxide is the principal
constituent
 MgO may be present upto 10%
 Very small quantities of other oxides or
metallic salts (eg. fluorides) may be present.
b) Liquid – An aqueous solution of phosphoric
acid, containing about 30 to 40% water.

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Advantages :
 Harder than die stone
 May be used with all impression materials
 Detail is good

 Disadvantage
 Shrinkage on setting, loss of water on standing.

 It is a rather brittle material and readily

fractured in thin sections.

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FLEXIBLE DIE MATERIAL:
 These are similar to heavy-bodied silicone or
polyether impression materials.

 Application
 Used to make provisional restorations or indirect
composite resin inlays on onlays chairside.

 Advantages
 More rapidly setting

 Ease of removal of the provisional restoration or

inlay.. 39
 Disadvantage :-

 Very stiff but elastomeric die materials have

not been shown to have better properties or
surface characteristics than stone die
materials

 Cannot be used with PVS impressions unless a

separator is used.but separator causes
inaccuracy and loss of surface details

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CERAMIC DIES:

 Two ceramic die materials are available :

a) one with out the platinum foil - To form
the dies heating to over 10000C is
necessary.
b) Other is ceramic which is in putty
consistency Fired at 6000C for 8 minutes
to produce a hard strong die.

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 Properties:
* Extremely abrasion – resistant;
* Some shrinkage on firing.

Application :
 The production of dies for porcelain inlays, onlays
and veneers.

Disadvantages:
 Trimming difficult as it is very hard
 Firing shrinkage can occur
 Only suitable for direct baking of porcelain crowns

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 AMALGAM :
 Silver-tin or copper amalgam may be packed into
rigid impression materials such as compound.

 ADVANTAGES
 Dimensional Accuracy is good.
 DISADVANTAGES
 There is a delay of some 10-12 hours before the die
is sufficiently hard to be used..

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 ELECTROPLATED DIES

In 1930 copper-plated compound dies began

followed by the

Silver-plated dies. The technique involved deposition of

a coat of pure silver or copper on the impression which
is supported with Gypsum Type IV or resin.

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 The metal die that are produced from
electroplated impression materials have -

• High strength
• Hardness and
• Abrasion resistance

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 Metallizing:
 The process of deposition of pure silver
or copper on the impression so that it
conducts electricity.

 Metallizing agents:
 Bronzing powder
 Aqueous suspension of silver powder
 Powdered graphite
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The electroplating bath- solution of silver cyanide.

Direct current is applied for 10 hours.

In case of copper plated the current is applied for

12-15 hours.

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COPPER PLATED DIES

 Impression compound is usually copper

plated.
 COMPOSITION OF SOLUTION FOR
COPPERPLATING BATHS
Copper Sulphate (crystals) - 200gms
H2SO4 (conc) - 30ml
Phenol Sulfonic Acid - 2ml
Water Distilled - 1000ml

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SILVER PLATED DIES

 Silver plating is done over rubber based

impression materials.
 COMPOSITION OF THE SOLUTION
Silver cyanide - 36gm
Potassium cyanide - 60gm
Potassium carbonate - 45gm
Water (distilled) -1000ml

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 SILVERPLATING APPARATUS

B
A

A Impression (cathod)
B Silver bar (anode)
C DC power supply

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 Final impression after
cleaning and drying

Cathode wire is inserted in the

metallized area of the impression

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Electrolytic solution is placed in the
preparation with a eye dropper
to prevent air bubbles

Impression is connected to
electrical source and submerged
in plating solution

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Electroplated impression

Silverplated cast

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Disadvantage :-
1. Cyanide solution is utilized and this requires
special precautions because of its extreme
toxicity.

2.Incompatible with many impression materials

Advantage- high strength

- good abrasion resistance
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Compatibility of various
impression materials
with
electroplated dies

Hydrocolloid impressions not compatible

Silicon impression materials are difficult to electro plate evenly- low

surface energies.
Polyether impressions cannot be electroplated because of their
hydrophilic nature, imbibe water and became distorted.
Polysulfide can be silver-plate.
Copper plating is used for compound impression and Addition
Silicone.
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 RECOMMENDED USE OF THE DIE
MATERIALS

DIE MATERIAL RECOMMENDED USE

ADA Type IV and V Most situations

stone
Epoxy resin Complete ceramic
crowns
Electroplating Complete ceramic
crowns

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 Compatibility of cast or die materials with impression
materials
Cast or die material Impression material

Gypsum product Compound

Zinc oxide eugenol
hydrocolloids,
Plaster, if coated with separator
Polysulfide rubber base
Silicone (all types) rubber base
Polyether rubber base.
Electroplated copper Compound
Silicone (addition) rubber base.
Electroplated silver Polysulfide rubber base
Silicone (addition hydrophobic) rubber base .
Epoxy resin Silicone (all types) rubber base (some require
separator)
Polysulfide rubber base, if coated with separator,
Polyether rubber base.
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CONCLUSION

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 The ease with which a restoration is fabricated
and the accuracy with which it will fit the mouth
is materially affected by the casts and dies.
So a die material should be selected that has
Good dimensional accuracy,
Abrasion resistance and
Ability to reproduce fine detail and sharp
margins.

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 Ranking materials by the ability of an
impression die combination to reproduce
surface detail-
 Epoxy dies are best for reproducing detail
(10um).
 High strength stone dies (170um).

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A conventional type IV gypsum exhibited the
highest surface hardness whereas the epoxy
resin had the lowest value.

The resin-modified gypsum products were

not significantly superior to the conventional
type IV gypsum die materials.

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REFERENCES
1. Dental materials- Properties and manipulation –
Craig.
2. Restorative dental materials – Robert, G. Craig and
John H. Powers, 11th Edition.
3. Anusavice - Phillips Sciences of Dental materials,
10th Edition.
4. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics – Stephen F.
Rosenstiel – 3rd Edition.

5. Herbert T. Shillingburg, Jr, DDS : Fundamental of

Fixed Prosthodontics - Third Edition.

6. W.F.P. Malohe, D.L. Koth et. all: Tylman's thery and

practice of Fixed Prosthodontics - Eighth Edition.

7. M. Martignoni / A. Schonenberger : Precision Fixed

Prosthodontics Clinical & Laboratory aspects 62
THANK YOU

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