LITERAT

URE
- A whole bulk of written
works
- A body of works that
show the best that has
been thought and said
- Works that signify the
highest achievements of
a particular culture
 TYPES AND
ELEMENTS OF
LITERATURE

- POETRY
 POETRY
- refers to expressing a
feeling or an idea using
figurative or symbolic
language in verse
 ELEMENTS OF
POETRY
*Meaning – a writer
can use the following
in order to express
his/her feelings or
- Technical terms
- Idioms
- Dialect
- New words
- Allusion
- Connotation
*Figurative Language
– this mainly consists
of simile, metaphor,
and other figures of
speech
*Imagery
– consists of
descriptions and
details that can trigger
the readers’ senses
*Sound and Rhythm
– make use of the
spoken nature of
poetry
- Sound
can refer to the
emphasis on certain
words or rhymes
- Rhythm
is the just position of
beats or the sound
pattern of the work
 PROSE
- has two categories
*Informative
*Persuasive
 ELEMENTS OF
ESSAY
*Theme or Content
– general thought or
idea of the
composition
*Style
– choices of words
and sentence
structures used to
convey the message
and hold attention of
*Form and Structure
– sequence of topic
and transitions that
make up the whole
essay
 ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
*Plot or Story Line
– sequence of events
that build up the
whole story; flow of
*Characters
– a character can be a
person, an animal or
even thing who takes
part in the narrative of
*Setting
– is the time and place
in which the story
happened
*Theme
– central thought or
idea of the whole
story
*Language and Style
– choices of words
used; includes
sentence structures
and figurative
language that affect
*Point of View
– third-person point of
view
– first-person point of
view
TRADITIONS &
FORMS OF
PHILIPPINE
POETRY
*Epic Narrative
– relates adventures of
a hero with
supernatural powers;
usually chanted or
sung before an
*Folk Song
– song that is
transmitted orally
from one generation
to another
*Proverbs
– concise statements
that teach ideas on
morality and tradition
*Riddles
– describe an object in
an entirely different
manner or in a way
that it is not easily
*Short Poems
– has four lines, with
5-12 syllables per line
 SPANISH
COLONIAL
TRADITION
*Metrical Romance
– Awit or Korido in
Tagalog
*Awit – 12 syllables
each
– focuses on
chivalric, folkloric,
legendary, and
religious themes
*Pasyon
– written in a stanza
with 5 lines with 8
syllables per line,
recounts the life of
Jesus Christ
*Poetry of Reform,
Revolution, &
Resistance to
American
Colonialism
patriotic poems, and
social criticism
written in verses
 AMERICAN
COLONIAL
TRADITION AND
THE
 - involve the
creation of poems
using both
traditional and
modern forms
 FORMS OF
CONTEMPORARY
PROSE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
*Folk Narrative
– any story based on
real or fictional
events in the past told
among the people in
3 Types of Folk
Narrative
*Myth
*Legend
*Folktales
*Myth
– refers to a story that
explains the origin of
the world and its first
inhabitants
*Legend
– may be classified
into the following
according to subject
matter:
 *Heroic and
Historical
*Religious
*Supernatural
*Toponymic
*Folktales
– these are classified
into animal tales or
fables, magic,
humorous, novelistic,
religious, and
*Essay
– explains insights
and/or information
using description,
narration, and humor
 2 Types of Essay
*Formal – discusses
crucial topics based
on research in a
serious manner
*Informal – a
narrative that enables
the writer to express
his or her
experiences, insights,
*Novel
– a lengthy and
complex narrative of
events based on the
author’s imagination
 4 Traditions of the
Philippine Novel
*Didactic – written to
guide the people in
the Roman Catholic
*Romantic – novels
in this tradition
pattern their stories
from metrical
romances
*Realist – describes
experiences of a
person or people as
social structures and
forces affect them
*Radical – promotes
change in the social
and political system
*Short Story
– concise secular
narrative
3 traditions
- romantic, realistic,
& radical
*Komiks
– involves drawing
frames showing a set
of characters with
their actions read
from left to right