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1
 Topics of Discussion

• Awareness
• Types of Scaffolding
• Scaffolding Basics
• Erecting Scaffolds
• Inspection of Scaffolds
• Do’s and Don’ts

Photo of Engelmann Gym scaffold (under construction, fall 2005)

3
 Anatomy of a Fall

• Source: Anatomy of a Fall diagram from Associated General

Contractors of Wisconsin, 6th Annual State Risk Mgmt. Conference,
Madison, 1998

4
Scaffolding Accident/Injury Statistics

• An estimated 2.3 million

construction workers, or
65% of the construction
industry, work on
scaffolds frequently.
• Protecting these workers
from scaffold-related
accidents would prevent
4,500 injuries and 50
deaths per year.

2004 DOL Statistics 5

Fatalities in Construction (OSHA)

Fall Protection (3 methods):

•Fall Prevention (e.g.,
guardrail system)

•Work Positioning, secures

you to a location, thus
preventing a fall

•Fall Arrest Systems,

consisting of a full body
harness, lanyard, and
anchorage

6
 Scaffolding

• A registered professional engineer must design and

certify scaffolds:
• with wood poles and over
60 feet in height
• frame scaffolds over 125
feet in height
• outrigger scaffolds plus
scaffold erections
• when intended loads
exceed tube and coupler
scaffold standard ratings

8
Types of Scaffolds

9
Supported Scaffolds

• Ladder Jack
• Pump Jack
• Frame or
Fabricated
• Tube and Coupler
• Mobile
• Specialty
• Pole

10
Manually Propelled
Mobile Scaffolds

11
Suspended Scaffolds

• Two-Point
• Single-Point
Adjustable
• Catenary
• Multi-point
Adjustable
• Interior Hung
• Needle Beam
• Multi-Level
• Float (ship)
12
 Boatswain’s Chair
Seat slings must:
• Pass through four corner holes
in the seat, 
• Cross on the underside of the
seat,
• Be rigged to prevent slippage
which could cause the chair to
be out-of-level, and
• Be at least 5/8” diameter fiber,
synthetic, or other first-grade
manila rope of equivalent
criteria (strength, slip
resistance, durability, etc.).

USA (v. 2008) 13

 Specialty Scaffolds
Specialty Scaffolds are designed for a narrow and very specific
range of applications. Specialty Scaffolds Include:
• Plasterers‘
• Decorators', and other large-area
scaffolds;
• Bricklayers' square scaffolds;
• Horse scaffolds
• Outrigger scaffolds
• Step, platform, and trestle ladder
scaffolds
• Form and carpenter's bracket
scaffolds
• Window jack scaffolds;
• Crawling boards and chicken ladders
• Roof bracket scaffolds.
14
Outrigger Scaffolds

Outrigger beams must

be: 

Secured in place to
prevent movement, and

Securely braced at the

fulcrum point to
prevent tipping.

15
 Tube and Couple
Scaffolds

• Klotsche natatorium
HVAC renovation
(Summer 2004)

USA (v. 2008) 16

 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
Medium Duty
Light Duty
• Not to exceed 25 pounds per square
foot
• 10 foot longitudinal post spacing
• 6 foot traverse post space
• 1 work level
• 8 additional planked levels
• 125 feet maximum height
• 2 work levels
• 4 additional planked levels
• 125 feet maximum height
• 3 work levels
• 0 additional planked levels
• 91 feet maximum height
USA (v. 2008)
• Not to exceed 50 pounds per square foot
• 8 foot longitudinal post spacing
•
6 foot traverse post space
• 1 work level
• 6 additional planked levels
• 125 feet maximum height
• 2 work levels
• 0 additional planked levels
• 78 feet maximum height
Heavy Duty
• Not to exceed 75 pounds per square
foot
• 6’ 6” foot longitudinal post spacing
• 6 foot traverse post spacing
• 1 work level
– 6 additional planked levels
– 125 feet maximum height
17
Basics
• Training — Employers must train
each employee who works on a
scaffold on the procedures to
control or minimize the hazards.
• Inspections — Before each work
shift and after any occurrence
that could affect the structural
integrity, a competent person
must inspect the scaffold and
scaffold components for visible
defects.

18
Basics

• Fall protection (e.g.

guardrails) required at a 10
foot height above a lower
level. [1926.451(g)(1)]

• When erecting and

dismantling supported
scaffolds, a competent person
must determine the feasibility
of providing a safe means of
access and fall protection for
these operations

NOTE: guardrails recommended at

work platform heights greater than
4 feet 19
Personal Safety Tips

20
Personal Safety Tips

21
 Inspect Prior to Use

• All equipment must

be inspected to see
that it is in good
condition and
serviceable.
• Damaged or
deteriorated
equipment must
not be used

22
Erecting Scaffolding

• Erect plumb,
square and
rigid with all
brace
connections
securely
fastened

23
 Tubular Welded-frame Scaffolds

• Be sure scaffold stays plumb and level as erection progresses

• For mobile scaffolds, use a horizontal diagonal brace, for stability, at
the base and every 21 feet in height.

USA (v. 2008) 24

Tubular Welded-Frame Scaffolds

• Cross members must

be locked together with
cotter pins or
equivalent
• Safway scaffolds have
“G” locks which open
with slight pressure and
lock automatically after
guardrail slips into
place

25
 Overlap

• Each plank on a continuous run scaffold must extend over

its supports by at least 6” and overlap each other by at
least 12”

26
 Guardrails and Toeboards

• Guardrails and toeboards must be put on all open sides and ends
of scaffolds 10’ or higher
• Screening required when materials are stacked higher than
toeboard

27
Side and End Brackets

• Side and end brackets

are designed to
support people ONLY.
• Brackets are not to be
used on rolling towers
• Brackets introduce
overturning and/or
uplift forces.

28
Side and End Brackets

• Do not store materials

on side or end bracket
platforms
• Only store materials on
scaffolds which are for
immediate use
• Do not overload
platforms with
materials.

29
 Climbing

• Do not climb on
cross members or
railings
• Access ladders must
be used; attachable
ladders must
extend 3 feet
above platform

USA (v. 2008) 30

Climb Safely

• Face the rungs

• Use both hands
• Do not carry
materials while you
climb
• Keep one hand firmly
on frame or ladder at
all times
• Rungs and shoes
should be clean to
avoid slipping

31
Mobile Scaffolds

• Height not to exceed 4* times the

minimum base dimension
• (Example, if base is 6’ x 10’, the maximum
height is 24’)

• Planks must extend the full length

of the scaffold

• Do not ride on a mobile rolling

tower scaffold while it is being
moved.

• Guardrails and toeboards required

on all sides when over 10 feet
* In California and some other states, height must not
exceed 3 times.

32
Mobile Scaffolds

• All tools or other objects which

could fall from the scaffold must be
removed or secured before moving
the scaffold

• At each new location, the scaffold

shall be put on firm ground and
kept plumb

• Manual force used to move the

scaffold must be applied as close to
the base as possible, but not more
than 5 feet above the supporting
surface.

33
Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds
• The load rating of the
casters will limit the size,
configuration, and load
capacity of the rolling tower.
Casters must be rated 4
times the maximum rated
load of the scaffold

• Caster and wheel stem shall

be pinned, bolted or
otherwise secured in
scaffold legs or adjustment
screws.

34
 Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds

• Lock all casters

before getting
on a rolling
tower.
• Casters shall
remain locked
while in use

35
Upright Narrow Scaffold

• Per instructions of the

UpRight Narrow Scaffold,
the platform height must
not exceed 3 times the
smaller base dimension
unless scaffold is tied to the
structure

36
Upright Narrow Scaffold: read the labels

37
Upright Narrow Scaffold

38
 Inspect Job Site

• Inspect job site to

determine ground
conditions, strength of
supporting structure,
proximity to electric
lines & overhead
obstructions

• Compensate for uneven

ground by using screw
jacks & base plates
• Do not use unstable objects such
as blocks, loose bricks and
similar objects
39
Ties, Guys, Bracing

• Scaffolds must be secured

to the structure when the
height exceeds 4 times the
minimum base width
• every 30 horizontal feet
• every 20 feet or less (for
scaffolds less than 3 feet
wide) or 26 vertical feet or
less (for >3 feet wide)
• Outriggers, if used, must be
installed on both sides

40
 Clearances

• Any work where the

tube could come into
contact with the line
would need to be 6
meters plus the “Danger
Zone” distance relative
to the voltage and
nature of insulation in
order that the scaffold
tube cannot enter the
“Danger Zone”

41
 Clearances

Minimum Clearances From Electrical Lines

Insulated Lines

Less than 300 volts 3 feet

300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet

More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4” for each

additional kv
Uninsulated Lines

Up to 50 kv 10 feet

More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4” for each

additional kv

42
 Peronsal Protective Equipment

• What types of PPE should you use when working on

or near a scaffold?

1.
2.
3.

43
What’s Wrong in This Picture?

44
What’s Wrong in This Picture?

45
 What’s Wrong in This
Picture?

• The concrete blocks are

stacked six high, there are
no base plates on some
legs, scaffold legs are
bearing on unstable
objects, and there is
improper/inadequate
bracing.

Photo & Text -- OSHA

USA (v. 2008) 46
What’s Wrong in This
Picture?
• This is a shore, or lean-to
scaffold, and it is not
permitted to be used per
OSHA or ANSI.
• In this photo, workers have a
shore scaffold on top of
another shore scaffold.
• Access is unsafe both from
above and below.
• The only thing holding this
scaffold up is the DUMPSTER!

Photo & Text -- OSHA

47
What’s Wrong in This Picture?

48
What’s Wrong in This Picture?

49
What’s Wrong in This Picture?

• The planks are not

cleated or otherwise
secured against
displacement,
• There are no
guardrails, and
• There is greater than a
14-inch gap between
the building and the
scaffold platform.

50
• Where ladders end,
plasterers clamber
onto bundles of
sticks that stud the
Great Mosque.
These serve as
scaffolding --a grid
of permanent
perches.
• Photograph by Sarah Leen,
National Geographic, June
2001

51