Professional Documents
Culture Documents
World Brain Tumor Day, 2021
World Brain Tumor Day, 2021
• Also I would like to emphasize that though the term brain tumour sounds very
panicky, there are tumours which can be cured. The outcome depends on early
diagnosis and proper treatment.
• I wish speedy recovery to all the patients who are suffering from this disease.
• I also pray to almighty god to give strength to the family and friends of people
who are coping with this disease. The support of family and society at large can
bring a positive impact on the outcome.
• I would also appreciate if more social groups, industrialist and the political class
join hands and create platforms to raise funds for brain tumour patients as well as
research.” 4
Definition
• What is a brain tumour?
• It is an unnecessary growth of abnormal cells in the brain. A
brain tumour occurs in the body when abnormal cells are
produced within any part of the brain.
• Government of India has introduced National Cancer Control Programme with the
objectives of prevention, screening, early detection, diagnosis and treatment including
palliative care in end stage.
• The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in India ranges from 5 to 10 per
100,000 population with an increasing trend and accounts for 2% of malignancies.Hospital-
based databases capturing CNS malignancies had been analyzed prospectively from
registrations in the neuro-oncology clinic of a tertiary care center over a period of 1 year.[3]
Astrocytomas (38.7%) were the most common primary tumors with the majority being
high-grade gliomas (59.5%).
7
Types contd..
• Secondary, or metastatic, brain tumors are
about four times as common as primary brain
tumors, with about half of metastases coming
from lung cancer.
• Primary brain tumors occur in around
250,000 people a year globally, and make up
less than 2% of cancers
8
Govt. of India initiative
• The Government of India (GoI) has introduced the
National Cancer Control Programme with the aim of prevention,
screening, early detection, diagnosis and treatment including
palliative care in the end stage. Meanwhile, doctors suggest the
following treatments for patients according to their type, grade, and
position of tumour:
• - Surgery
• - Radiotherapy
• - Chemotherapy
• - Steroids
• - Anti-seizure medication
• - Ventricular peritoneal shunt
9
GOI Contd..
• Despite the treatment, strong
emotional support of family members and
friends is also required for patients who suffer
from the same illness. Therefore, such
patients need support in maintaining a
positive attitude for healing.
10
Risk factors of Brain tumor
• Some common risk factors of brain tumour are
as follows:
• Family history can play a role in the risk of
developing brain tumours.
• Tumour is progressive so age can contribute to
its growth.
• Exposure to chemicals or radiation in any
environment may cause brain tumours.
11
Risk factors contd..
• Although studies have not shown any link between
cell phone or mobile phone radiation and the
occurrence of brain tumors, the
World Health Organization has classified mobile phone
radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B – possibly
carcinogenic.
• IARC(INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR
RESEARCH ON CANCER).
• Group 2B: "The agent (mixture) is
possibly carcinogenic to humans. "
12
Signs and symptoms of brain tumor
• For example, larger tumors in the frontal lobe can cause changes
in the ability to think. However, a smaller tumor in an area such
as Wernicke's area (small area responsible for language
comprehension) can result in a greater loss of function.
14
Headaches
• Certain warning signs for headache exist which make the headache more
likely to be associated with brain cancer.
• Other associated signs are headaches that are worse in the morning or that
subside after vomiting.
15
Location-specific symptoms
The main areas of the brain and Limbic system
• The brain is divided into lobes and each lobe or area has its own
function.
20
Brain tumour - diagnosis and treatment
23
Benign brain tumors often show
up as hypodense (darker than
brain tissue) mass lesions on CT
scans.
On MRI, they appear either
hypodense or isointense (same
intensity as brain tissue)
on hyperintense (brighter than
brain tissue) on although the
appearance is variable.
24
Treatment options
• Treatment options and recommendations depend
on several factors:
• The size, type, and grade of the tumor
• Whether the tumor is putting pressure on vital
parts of the brain
• If the tumor has spread to other parts of the CNS
or body
• Possible side effects
• The patient’s preferences and overall health
25
Treatment
• The treatment of a brain tumour mainly
includes surgery combined with
chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
However, physical therapy, speech therapy,
and occupational therapy are also important
to post neurosurgery treatment methods.
26
Pharmacologic Management
• Treatment may include some combination of surgery,
radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
27
Pharmacologic Management
Supportive care for people with a brain tumor includes:
• Drugs called corticosteroids. These are used to lower swelling in the brain,
which can lessen pain from the swelling without the need for prescription pain
medications. These drugs may also help improve neurological symptoms by
decreasing the pressure from the tumor and swelling in the healthy brain tissue.
• Anti-seizure medicines. These help control seizures, and there are several types
of drugs available. They are prescribed by your neurologist.
• Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about the goals of each
treatment in the treatment plan.
• Patient should also talk about the possible side effects of the specific treatment
plan and palliative care options.
• This helps the health care team treat any symptoms and side effects as quickly as
possible. It can also help prevent more serious problems in the future.
28
Surgical management
• Surgery is one of the main treatments for brain and
spinal cord tumours. You might have an operation to:
• remove the whole tumour to try to cure it
• remove part of the tumour to slow its growth and help
with symptoms
• drain a build up of fluid on your brain
(hydrocephalus)
• help to give other treatments such as chemotherapy
• help diagnose a brain tumour.
29
Radiation Therapy
• Radiation therapy
• Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to destroy
tumor cells. Doctors may use radiation therapy to slow or stop the growth of a brain
tumor. It is typically given after surgery and possibly along with chemotherapy.
• A doctor who specializes in giving radiation therapy to treat a tumor is called a
radiation oncologist.
30
Systemic therapies: Chemotherapy & Targeted
•
therapy
The types of systemic therapies used for a brain tumor include:
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapy
Chemotherapy
• Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy tumor cells, usually by keeping the tumor cells
from growing, dividing, and making more cells.
• A chemotherapy regimen, or schedule, usually consists of a specific number of cycles given
over a set period of time. A patient may receive 1 drug at a time or a combination of different
drugs given at the same time. The goal of chemotherapy can be to destroy tumor cells
remaining after surgery, slow a tumor’s growth, or reduce symptoms.
• daily low-dose temozolomide (Temodar).
• (Matulane), and vincristine (Vincasar), have been used along with radiation therapy.
• The side effects of chemotherapy depend on the individual and the dose used, but they can
include fatigue, risk of infection, nausea and vomiting, hair loss, loss of appetite and diarrhea.
These side effects usually go away after treatment is finished. Rarely, certain drugs may
cause some hearing loss. Others may cause kidney damage. Patients may be given extra fluid
by IV to protect their kidneys.
31
Targeted therapy
• In addition to standard chemotherapy, targeted therapy is a treatment that targets
the tumor’s specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to
a tumor’s growth and survival. This type of treatment blocks the growth and
spread of tumor cells and limits the damage to healthy cells.
• For a brain tumor, there are 2 types of targeted therapy that may be used:
32
Nursing Diagnosis for a Brain tumor
Patient
• Nursing Diagnosis 1
• Acute Pain as evidenced by Verbal complains of
pain
• Headache in the frontal or occipital area that is
worsen during the morning and becomes
worse with straining or if the head is dropped
• Changes in vital signs
• Hostile, tense behavior
• Restlessness
33
Nursing Diagnosis 2
34
Nursing Diagnosis 3
• Risk for injury
• May be related to
• Sensory, integrative, and effector dysfunction
• Possibly evidenced by
• Behavioral changes
• Increased ICP
• Neuromuscular changes
• Neurosensory changes
• Seizure activity
• Vital signs changes 35
Summarization
• Introduction
• Definition
• Causes/Risk factors
• Clinical manifestations
• Diagnostic tests
• Treatment – Medical, surgical, chemotherapy ,
radiation therapy
• Nursing Management
36
References
• "General Information About Adult Brain Tumors"
. NCI. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5
July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014
• Merrell RT (December 2012). "Brain tumors". Disease-
a-Month.58(12):678-89. doi:
10.1016/j.disamonth.2012.08.009. PMID 23149521
• "Adult Brain Tumors Treatment". NCI. 28 February
2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014.
Retrieved 8 June 2014
37
References contd…
• "Brain Tumors". Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 2
August 2016.
• Kahn K, Finkel A (June 2014). "It IS a tumor -- current review of headache and
brain tumor". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 18 (6): 421.
38
Any
Queries ?????
?
39
THANK YOU
FOR
PATIENT LISTENING
40