Chapter 2 - Part 3: Isolated Converter

Chapter 2 – Part 3
ISOLATED
CONVERTER
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
DC-DC CONVERTERS
(Asynchronous lecture)
 Flyback Converter (29 minutes)
 Push-pull Converter
 Full-bridge Converter
 Half-bridge Converter
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 8.1
ISOLATED DC-DC CONVERTER
TRANSFORMER
• Non isolated converter - if the input supply is grounded, that same ground will be
present on the output.
• A more efficient method of providing electrical isolation between input and output
of a dc-dc converter is to use a transformer in the switching scheme.
• Advantages:
• Transformer turns ratio provides increased design flexibility
• Multiple transformer windings - to provide multiple output voltages.
Figure 8.1
TRANSFORMER
leakage
conductor inductance
core loss magnetizing
resistance
inductance
Figure 7-1 (a) Transformer; (b) Ideal model; (c) Complete model; (d) Model used for most power electronics circuits.
Figure 8.1
TRANSFORMER
• The dot convention is used to indicate relative polarity between the two windings.
• When the voltage at the dotted terminal on one winding is positive, the voltage at
the dotted terminal on the other winding is also positive.
• When current enters the dotted terminal on one winding, current leaves the dotted
terminal on the other winding.
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
Additional assumptions for the analysis are made:
1.The output capacitor is very large, resulting in a constant output voltage Vo
2.The circuit is operating in the steady state, implying that all voltages and
currents are periodic, beginning and ending at the same points over one
switching period.
3.The duty ratio of the switch is D, being closed for time DT and open for
(1 - D)T
4.The switch and diode are ideal.

Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
Figure 7-2 (a) Flyback converter; (b) Equivalent circuit using a transformer model that includes the magnetizing
inductance; (c) Circuit for the switch on; (d) Circuit for the switch off.
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
ON OFF
ON OFF
iC = iR iC = iD - iR
DT (1-D)T
is = iLm is = 0
iD = 0 iD = iLm
Figure 7-3 Flyback converter current and voltage waveforms. (a) Magnetizing inductance current; (b) Source current; (c)
Diode current; (d) Capacitor current; (e) Transformer primary voltage.
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
Analysis for the Switch Closed (ON)
On the source side of the transformer (Fig. 7-2c),
Solving for the change in current in the transformer magnetizing inductance,
On the load side of the transformer,
DT (1-D)T
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
Analysis for the Switch Open (OFF)
The secondary voltage transforms back to the primary, establishing the voltage across Lm at
Voltages and currents for an open switch are
DT (1-D)T
Solving for the change in transformer magnetizing inductance with the switch open,
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
Since the net change in inductor current must be zero over one period for steady-state
operation, Eqs. (7-2) and (7-3) show
Solving for Vo
Other currents and voltages of interest while the switch is open are
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
The power absorbed by the load resistor must be the same as that supplied
by the source for the ideal case, resulting in
The power absorbed by the load resistor must be the same as that supplied
by the source for the ideal case, resulting in
The average source current Is is related to the average of the magnetizing inductance
current ILm by
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
Substituting for Is in Eq. (7-6) and solving for ILm,
Using Eq. (7-4) for Vs, the average inductor current is also expressed as
ILm
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
The maximum and minimum values of inductor current are obtained from Eqs. (7-9) and
(7-2).
ILm (max)
ILm
ILm (min)
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
Continuous-current operation requires that ILm (min) = 0 in Eq. (7-11). At the boundary between
continuous and discontinuous current,
where f is the switching frequency. Solving for the minimum value of Lm that will
allow continuous current,
In a flyback converter design, Lm is selected to be larger than Lm(min) to ensure

continuous current operation. A convenient expression relating inductance and
current variation is found from Eq. (7-2).
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK
The output configuration for the flyback converter is the same as for the buck-boost
converter, so the output ripple voltages for the two converters are also the same.
Using Eq. (7-5), the voltage ripple due to the ESR is

Example 7.1
A flyback converter of Fig. 7-2 has the following circuit parameters:

Vs = 24 V
N1/N2 = 3.0
Lm = 500uH
R = 5
C = 200uF
f = 40 kHz
Vo = 5 V
Determine:
(a)the required duty ratio D
(b)the average, maximum, and minimum values for the current in Lm
(c)the output voltage ripple.
Assume that all components are ideal.

Example 7.2
Design a converter to produce an output voltage of 36 V from a

3.3V source. The output current is 0.1 A. Design for an output
ripple voltage of 2 percent. Include ESR when choosing a
capacitor. Assume for this problem that the ESR is related to the
capacitor value by rC = 10-5/C.
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK – DISCONTINUOUS MODE
The current in the transformer magnetizing inductance decreases to zero before the start
of the next switching cycle, as shown in Fig. 7-4.
Figure 7-4 Discontinuous current for the flyback converter.
Since the current starts at zero, the maximum value is also determined from Eq. (7-2).
Figure 8.1
FLYBACK – DISCONTINUOUS MODE
If the components are ideal, the power supplied by the dc source is the same as the power
absorbed by the load resistor.
Average source current is the area under the triangular waveform of Fig. 7-4b divided by
the period, resulting in
Equating source power and load power [Eq. (7-17)],
Solving for Vo for discontinuous-current operation in the flyback converter,

Example 7.2
For the flyback converter in Example 7-1, the load

resistance is increased from 5 to 20  with all other
parameters remaining unchanged. Show that the
magnetizing inductance current is discontinuous, and
determine the output voltage.
Vs = 24 V
N1/N2 = 3.0
Lm = 500uH
C = 200uF
f = 40 kHz
Vo = 5 V
D = 0.385
Figure 8.1
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Figure 7-8 (a) Push-pull converter; (b) Switching

sequence; (c) Voltage vx; (d) Current in Lx.
off
off on
Figure 8.1
FULL-BRIDGE
off
off on
Figure 7-9 (a) Full-bridge converter; (b) Switching

sequence; (c) Voltage on the transformer primary; (d)
Voltage vx.
Problem 7.4 (TEXT BOOK page 327) QUIZ 8
Design a flyback converter for an input 24V and an output of 40W at 40V. Specify the
transformer turns ratio and magnetizing inductance, switching frequency, and capacitor to
limit the ripple to less than 0.5 percent.

Chapter 2 - Part 3: Isolated Converter

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Chapter 2 – Part 3

Additional assumptions for the analysis are made:

1.The output capacitor is very large, resulting in a constant output voltage Vo

4.The switch and diode are ideal.

Analysis for the Switch Closed (ON)

On the source side of the transformer (Fig. 7-2c),

Solving for the change in current in the transformer magnetizing inductance,

On the load side of the transformer,

Analysis for the Switch Open (OFF)

Voltages and currents for an open switch are

In a flyback converter design, Lm is selected to be larger than Lm(min) to ensure

Using Eq. (7-5), the voltage ripple due to the ESR is

A flyback converter of Fig. 7-2 has the following circuit parameters:

Assume that all components are ideal.

Design a converter to produce an output voltage of 36 V from a

Figure 7-4 Discontinuous current for the flyback converter.

Equating source power and load power [Eq. (7-17)],

Solving for Vo for discontinuous-current operation in the flyback converter,

For the flyback converter in Example 7-1, the load

Figure 7-8 (a) Push-pull converter; (b) Switching

Figure 7-9 (a) Full-bridge converter; (b) Switching

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