Fluid Mechanics

(Lecture) / Topic 3

Prepared by:
Anjo M. Ramirez, ME, RMP
FEU – Faculty ME Department
MEFLUMECH-T3
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:
• Have a working knowledge of the basic properties of fluids and understand the continuum approximation.

•Have a working knowledge of viscosity and the consequences of the frictional effects it causes in fluid flow.

•Calculate the capillary rises and drops due to the surface tension effect

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

ENERGY/ SPECIFIC HEAT

Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system The energy that a system possesses as a result of
possesses as a whole with respect to some its motion relative to some reference frame is
outside reference frame, such as kinetic and called kinetic energy (KE).
potential energies

Microscopic forms of energy are those related to

the molecular structure of a system and the
degree of the molecular activity, and they are
independent of outside reference frames. The energy that a system possesses as a
result of its elevation in a gravitational
The sum of all the microscopic forms of field is called potential energy (PE)
energy is called the internal energy of a
system and is denoted by U.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

ENERGY/ SPECIFIC HEAT
MICROSCOPIC
SPECIFIC HEAT
British Thermal Unit (BTU) - we frequently encounter the
energy needed to raise the temp. combination of properties u
of 1 lbm of water at 68°F by 1°F and Pv.

we frequently encounter the combination of

properties u and Pv. For convenience;

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

ENERGY/ SPECIFIC HEAT
SIMPLE COMPRESSIBLE SYSTEM
• Internal Energy
• Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

ENERGY/ SPECIFIC HEAT
IDEAL GAS
• For incompressible substances, the constant-
• Changes in Internal Energy volume and constant-pressure specific heats are
identical.

• Changes in Enthalpy
also.,

• where cv and cp are the constant-

volume and constant-pressure
specific heats of the ideal gas. Differentiate;

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION
Coefficient of expansivity, B
The coefficient of volume
expansion is a measure of
the change in volume of a
substance with
temperature at constant
pressure.

At constant Pressure

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

 COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION
Coefficient of expansivity, B

combined effects of pressure and temperature

changes on the volume change of a fluid can be
determined by taking the specific volume to be a
function of T and P.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY, Problem 4
1.) Water at 1 atm pressure is compressed to 800 atm pressure isothermally. Determine the increase in the
density of water. Take the isothermal compressibility of water to be 4.80 x 10^-5 atm^-1.

2.) Water at 15°C and 1 atm pressure is heated to 95°C at constant pressure. Using coefficient of volume
expansion data, determine the change in the density of water.

3.) Saturated refrigerant-134a liquid at 10°C is cooled to 0°C at constant pressure. Using coefficient of volume
expansion data, determine the change in the density of the refrigerant.

4.) A water tank is completely filled with liquid water at 20°C. The tank material is such that it can withstand
tension caused by a volume expansion of 2 percent. Determine the maximum temperature rise allowed
without jeopardizing safety.

5.) Repeat Prob. 4 for a volume expansion of 1 percent for water.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

 VISCOSITY
A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to
motion or the “fluidity,” and that property is the viscosity

The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction

is called the drag force and the magnitude of this force
depends, in part, on viscosity

The fluid in contact with the upper plate sticks to the plate
surface and moves with it at the same velocity, and the shear
stress t acting on this fluid layer is

A fluid moving relative to a body

exerts a drag force on the body, partly
because of friction caused by viscosity.
MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VISCOSITY
velocity profile and the velocity
gradient are

it can be verified experimentally that for most fluids the

rate of deformation (and thus the velocity gradient)
is directly proportional to the shear stress t,

The behavior of a fluid in laminar flow

between two parallel plates when the
upper plate moves with a constant velocity.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

 VISCOSITY, cont.
The shear force acting on a Newtonian fluid layer (or,
by Newton’s third law, the force acting on the plate) is:

where the constant of proportionality is called the

coefficient of viscosity or the dynamic (or absolute)
viscosity of the fluid,

Dynamic viscosity, in general, does not depend on

pressure, but kinematic viscosity does.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

VISCOSITY, cont.

Liquid:

The viscosity of liquids decreases and the viscosity of

gases increases with temperature.
MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
 VISCOSITY, cont.
The shear force acting on a Newtonian fluid layer (or,
by Newton’s third law, the force acting on the plate) is:

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

 VISCOSITY, problem (1)
1. Suppose that the fluid being sheared in Figure
is SAE 30 oil at 20°C. Compute the shear stress
in the oil if V =3 m/s and h =2 cm.
2. In Fig. 1.6, if the fluid is glycerin at 20°C and the width
between plates is 6 mm, (μ ≈ 1.5 N · s/m2)
a.)What shear stress (in Pa) is required to move the
upper plate at 5.5 m/s?
MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
 VISCOSITY, problem (1), cont.
3. A block of weight W slides down an inclined 4. Find the terminal velocity in Prob. 3 if m = 6 kg, A = 35
plane on a thin film of oil, as in Figure. The film cm2, θ = 15°, and the film is 1-mm thick SAE 30 oil at
contact area is A and its thickness h. Assuming a 20°C.
linear velocity distribution in the film, derive an
analytic expression for the terminal velocity V of
the block.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

 VISCOSITY, problem (1), cont.
5. A shaft 6.00 cm in diameter and 40 cm long is
pulled steadily at V = 0.4 m/s through a sleeve
6.02 cm in diameter. The clearance is filled with
oil, ν = 0.003 m2/s and SG = 0.88. Estimate the
force required to pull the shaft.
6. A thin moving plate is separated from two fixed plates
by two fluids of unequal viscosity and unequal spacing, as
shown below. The contact area is A. Determine
(a) The force required, and
(b) is there a necessary relation between the two
viscosity values?
MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
SURFACE TENSION
The pulling force that causes this tension acts parallel to the surface and is
due to the attractive forces between the molecules of the liquid. The
magnitude of this force per unit length is called surface tension and is
usually expressed in the unit N/m (or lbf/ft in English units).

Some consequences of surface tension.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

SURFACE TENSION

Then a force balance on the surface tension can

the movable wire gives: be expressed as:

In the U-shaped wire, the force F remains constant as the movable

wire is pulled to stretch the film and increase its surface area.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

SURFACE TENSION

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

CAPILLARY EFFECT

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

CAPILLARY EFFECT
The weight of the liquid column is approximately:

Equating the vertical component of the surface tension

force to the weight gives:

Solving for h gives the capillary rise to be:

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

 SURFACE TENSION & CAPILLARY problem (2)
1. A 0.03-in-diameter glass tube is inserted into kerosene at 68°F
(with 51.2 lbm/ft^3 and 0.00192 lbf/ft). The contact angle of
kerosene with a glass surface is 26°. Determine the capillary rise of
kerosene in the tube.

2. A 1.9-mm-diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid

whose density is 960 kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid
rises 5 mm in the tube, making a contact angle of 15°.
Determine the surface tension of the liquid.

MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

 SURFACE TENSION & CAPILLARY problem (2), cont.
3. Determine the gage pressure inside
a soap bubble of diameter:
(a) 0.2 cm and
(b) 5 cm at 20°C.
4. Nutrients dissolved in water are carried to
upper parts of plants by tiny tubes partly because
of the capillary effect. Determine how high the
water solution will rise in a tree in a 0.005-mm-
diameter tube as a result of the capillary effect.
Treat the solution as water at 20°C with a contact
angle of 15°.
5. The surface tension of a liquid is to be
measured using a liquid film suspended on a
U-shaped wire frame with an 8-cm-long
movable side. If the force needed to move
the wire is 0.012 N, determine the surface
tension of this liquid in air.
6. Contrary to what you might expect, a solid
steel ball can float on water due to the surface
tension effect. Determine the maximum diameter
of a steel ball that would float on water at 20°C.
What would your answer be for an aluminum
ball? Take the densities of steel and aluminum
balls to be 7800 kg/m3 and 2700 kg/m3,
respectively.
MEFLUMECH – PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS