STATISTICS

BASIC CONCEPTS
 STATISTICS

IT DEALS WITH THE

A BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS
COLLECION,
THAT EXAMINES AND
ORGANIZATION,PRESENTATION,
INVESTIGATES WAYS TO
ANALYSIS AND
PROCESS AND ANALYZE THE
INTERPRETATION OF ANY TYPE
DATA GATHERED
OF DATA.
 • I. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

- THE TOTALITY OF METHODS AND TREATMENTS

EMPLOYED IN COLLECTION, DESCRIPTION AND
DIVISION OF ANALYSIS OF NUMERICAL DATA. THE PURPOSE OF
STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IS TO TELL SOMETHING
ABOUT THE PARTICULAR GROUP OF OBSERVATION,
II. INFERENTIAL STATISTCS
- THE LOGICAL PROCESS FROM SAMPLE ANALYSIS
TO A GENERALZATION OR CONCLUSION ABOUT THE
POPULATON. IT IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS
STATISTICAL INFERENCE OR INDUCTIVE STATISTICS.
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE

POPULATION
CONSISTS OF ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE GROUP ABOUT
WHICH WE WANT TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS.
N = POPULATION SIZE
SAMPLE
A PORTION OR PART OF THE POPULATION OF INTEREST
SELECTED FOR ANALYSIS
n = SAMPLE SIZE
 PARAMETER AND STATISTIC

PARAMETER
A NUMERICAL INDEX DESCRIBING A
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE POPULATION.

STATISTIC
A. NUMERICAL INDEX DESCRIBING A
CHARACTERISITC OF THE SAMPLE
 PRIMARY SOURCE DATA
DATA THAT COME FROM AN ORIGINAL
SOURCE AND ARE INTENDED TO ANSWER
SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTIONS. IT MAY BE
SOURCES OF TAKEN BY INTERVIEW MAIL-IN
DATA QUESTIONNAIRE, SURVEY OR
EXPERIMENTATION

SECONDARY SOURCE DATA

DATA THAT ARE TAKEN FROM PREVIOUSLY
RECORDED DATA.
 CONSTANT
A CHARACTERISTIC OF
OBJECTS , PEOPLE, OR EVENTS
THAT DOES NOT VARY.
CONSTANT
AND VARIABLE
VARIABLE
A CHARACTERISTIC OF OBJECTS,
PEOPLE, OR EVENTS . THAT CAN
TAKE OF DIFFERENT VALUES
 TYPES OF VARIABLE

I. QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
A. DICHOTOMOUS QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
EX. GENDER, EMPLOYMENT
B. MULTINOMIAL QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
EX. RELIGION, NATIONALITY, BRAND OF
CELLPHONES
 TYPES OF VARIABLE

II. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

A. DISCRETE QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
EX. AGE, NUMBER OF PERSONS
B. CONTINUOUS QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
EX. HEIGHT, WEIGHT
 EXPERIMENTAL CLASSIFICATION
A. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATION B. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
OF VARIABLES EX.
PHYSICS I – INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
PHYSICS 2 – DEPENDENT VARIABLE
 MATHEMATICAL
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
OF VARABLES
A. DISCRETE
B. CONTINUOUS
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

I. NOMINAL LEVEL
-NUMBERS ARE USED FOR CLASSIFICATION /IDENTIFICATION
EX.
STUDENT NO, SSS NO. , TIN
1- BLUE
2- RED

II. ORDINAL LEVEL

EX.
5- EXCELLENT
4- OUTSTANDING
3- VERY GOOD
2- GOOD
1 - FAIR
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

III. INTERVAL LEVEL

IT IS USED TO CLASSIFY ORDER AND DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
CLASSES OR CATEGORIES IN TERMS OF DEGREES OF DIFFERENCES.
INTERVAL DATA ARE EITHER DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS.

IV. RATIO LEVEL

DIFFERS FROM THE INTERVAL LEVEL ONLY AT ONE ASPECT, IT
HAS A TRUE ZERO POINT.
 I. QUALITATIVE
A. NOMINAL
CLASSIFICATION B. ORDINAL
OF NUMERICAL
DATA II. QUANTITATIVE
A. INTERVAL
B. RATIO
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

I. RANDOM SAMPLINFG TECHNIQUES

A. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
B. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
C. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
D. CLUSTER SAMPLING
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

II. NON-RANDOM SAMPLING ECHNIQUES

A. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
B. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
C. QUOTA SAMPLING
D. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
METHODS OF • 1. DIRECT OR INTERVIEW
COLLECTING METHOD
DATA
• 2. INDIRECT OR
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
• 3. REGISTRATION METHOD
• 4. OBSERVATION METHOD
• 5. EXPERIMENT METHOD
 METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

• 1. TEXTUAL METHOD
• 2. TABULAR METHOD
• 3. GRAPHICAL METHOD
 STEPS IN A STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION

• 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

• 2. COLLECTION OF DATA
• 3. PRESENTATION OF THE DATA
• 4. ANALYSIS OF DATA
• 5. INTERPRETATION OF DATA
 END OF
PRESENTATION