MENTORING PROGRAM

SWU-COP

Prepared by: Luke Matthew P. Mondares, RPh

MODULE 6
 Microbiology
 Qualitative/Quantitative Chemistry
 QA/QC
 Public health
OBJECTIVES
1. MICROBIOLOGY:
Cell
Antimicrobials
Immunology
Virology
Bacteriology
Mycology
Parasitology
OBJECTIVES
2. Quali-Quanti Chem
Titrimetry
• NEUTRALIZATION
• REDOX
• PRECIPITOMETRY
• COMPLEXOMETRY

 Physicochemical analysis
• SPECTROSCOPY
• CHROMATOGRAPHY

Gravimetry
Miscellaneous tests
MICROBIOLOGY
Study of large and diverse group of microorganisms including viruses
Study of microbes *
BOARD EXAM QUESTION
1. The following is considered a microorganism, except:
A. Fungal cell
B. Algae
C. Plasmodium
D. Helminth
 
 PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

 He is sometimes considered as the Father of Microbiology

 Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology
 Was the first to invent simple microscope (single-lens microscope)
 He described these tiny living creatures he observed as “ANIMALCULES”

ROBERT HOOKE

He discovered cell where he sometimes called it as ”little boxes”

Proposed the cell theory
THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS THEORY OF BIOGENESIS
(Spontaneous generation)

1. Aristotle 1. Rudolph Virchow

 Father of Abiogenesis  First proposed the theory of biogenesis

2. John Needham 2. Francisco Redi

 The maggot jar experiment
 Supported the theory of 3. Louis Pasteur
abiogenesis  Swan-neck flask experiment
 PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
LOUIS PASTEUR

 He discovered fermentation *
 He coined the terms “aerobic” and “anaerobic” *
 Made the first vaccine against rabies
Developed a process (today known as PASTEURIZATION *) to kill microbes
BOARD EXAM QUESTION
2. What is the mechanism of action for Gas sterilization using Ethylene
oxide to sterilize hospital and medical equipments?
A. Protein coagulation
B. Protein oxidation
C. Mutation
D. Alkylation
 PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
ROBERT KOCH

He discovered the bacterium M. tuberculosis

Made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease.
Koch’s Postulates:
1. The suspected microorganism must be present in all stages of infectious disease
2. The suspected microorganism must be grown in a pure culture media
3. The suspected microorganism when inoculated to a healthy host must cause the
same disease
4. The suspected microorganism when isolated from a diseased host must be the same
microorganism
BOARD EXAM QUESTION
3. The following are included in Koch’s postulates, except:
A. The suspected microorganism must be present in an healthy individual
B. The suspected microorganism must be grown in a pure culture media
C. The suspected microorganism when inoculated to a healthy host must cause
the same disease
D. The suspected microorganism when isolated from a diseased host must be
the same microorganism
 CELL
 EUKARYOTES
 Presence of true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
 Example: Fungi, Plants, Protozoan parasites, Animals
 CELL
 PROKARYOTES
Lacks true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Example: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Archaea
BOARD EXAM QUESTION
4. Which of the following is the difference between a Eukaryotic cell
and a Prokaryotic cell?
A. Nuclear membrane: Present in Prokaryotes, absent in Eukaryotes
B. Cilia: Present in Prokaryotes, absent in Eukaryotes
C. Cell membrane: Bacteria contains cholesterol, Fungi contains
ergosterol *
D. Cell wall: Present in Bacteria, Absent in Animals
 CELL STRUCTURE
1. CELL MEMBRANE/CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE/PLASMA MEMBRANE
 Surrounds the cytoplasm *
 Follows the Mosaic model of lipid bilayer system
 Regulates the passage of nutrients, waste products, and secretions into and
out of the cell
2. NUCLEUS
 “Control/Command Center” of the cell
 Has three components:
 Chromosome- Consist of a DNA molecule and a protein (Histones) *
 Nucleoplasm- The gelatinous matrix of the nucleus
 Nuclear membrane- Covers the chromosome
3. CYTOPLASM
Fluid component of the cell- Cytosol
It is where organelles are located
4. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
A. Rough ER:
 Studded with ribosomes
 Involved in protein synthesis
B. Smooth ER:
 Absence of Ribosomes
 Involved in Fatty acid synthesis
5. RIBOSOMES
 Consist of rRNA and a protein *
 Play an important role in protein synthesis during translation
 Composed of two subunits:
 A. Eukaryotic cell:
 Smaller subunit: 40s
Larger subunit: 60s
Collectively: 80s

*NOTE: “s” means Svedberg, a unit of sedimentation

B. Prokaryotic cell:
 Smaller subunit: 30s
 Larger subunit: 50s
 Collectively: 70s
6. GOLGI COMPLEX
 Modify or completes the transformation of the newly synthesized proteins
into mature, functional ones and packages them into small, membrane-enclosed
vesicle for storage.
7. LYSOSOMES
They contain lysozyme and other digestive/hydrolytic enzymes that break down
foreign material taken into the cell by phagocytosis.
Sometimes called as “suicide bags”
8. PEROXISOMES
 Both generates and breaks down Hydrogen peroxide
9. MITOCHONDRIA
“Powerhouse of the cell”
Where ATP production happens
Other processes that happen in mitochondria:
 Krebs/TCA cycle
B-oxidation
Electron transport chain (inner mitochondrial membrane)
10. TEICHOIC ACID
Present only in gram positive, prokaryotic bacteria.
Two types:
A. Wall teichoic acid
B. Membrane teichoic acid
Primary surface antigen (stimulates antibody production)
Responsible for the negative surface of gram positive microorganism and thus
attracted to positively charged chemicals such as Crystal violet. *
BOARD EXAM QUESTION
5. What is the color of Gram positive bacteria in gram staining?
A. Red/Pink
B. Blue/Violet
C. Green
D. Yellow/Orange
11. OUTER MEMBRANE
Only found in gram negative bacteria
Located above the cell wall
Composed of a lipopolysaccharide
When the bacteria dies, outer membrane releases endotoxin.
BOARD EXAM QUESTION
6. What part of the cell structure where endotoxins are produced?
A. Mitochondria
B. Lysosomes
C. Outer membrane
D. Teichoic acid
12. PERIPLASMIC SPACE
Only found in gram negative bacteria
Contains hydrolytic enzymes such as the beta lactamase
13. CELL WALL
Protects the organism against the difference in osmotic pressure.
For Bacteria, cell wall is differentiated by its thickness:
Gram positive has thicker cell wall than Gram negative. *
14. CELL APPENDAGES
A. Flagella- Composed of a protein flagellin.
- Organ for locomotion
- Forms:
 Lophotrichous- “tuft” of flagella at one end.
 Amphitrichous- Single flagellum at both ends.
 Monotrichous- Single flagellum at one end.
 Peritrichous- Flagella all over the surface.
 B. Pili- Rigid structure, smaller than flagella.
- Forms:
 Fimbriae/Ordinary pili- Bacterial attachment
 Sex pili- Transfer of genetic material (Conjugation)
C.Axial filament- Spiral locomotion
- Only found in spirochetes

15. REPRODUCTION
A. Prokaryotic cell: Binary fission (A parent cell splits into half to become
two new daughter cells)*
B. Eukaryotic cell: Mitosis and Meiosis
BOARD EXAM QUESTION
7. What is the mode of reproduction for a bacterial cell?
A. Spore formation
B. Binary fission
C. Mitosis
D. Transduction