NAVSTAR GPS

Presenting by
K.S.M.Lakshmi
 What
What is
is GPS?
GPS?
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is
the only system today able to show you your exact
position on the Earth anytime, in any weather,
anywhere. It is operated and maintained by the US
Department of Defense (DoD).

The three parts of GPS are:

•Satellites
•Receivers
•Software
 GPS
GPS Satellites
Satellites

 
The GPS Operational
Constellation consists of
24 satellites that orbit the
Earth in very precise
orbits twice a day. GPS
satellites emit continuous
navigation signals.
                                                                                                     

                          
GPS
GPS Satellite
Satellite Vehicle
Vehicle
• Four atomic clocks
• Three nickel-cadmium
batteries
• Two solar panels
– Battery charging
– Power generation
– 1136 watts
• S band antenna—satellite
control
• 12 element L band
antenna—user
communication
 GPS
GPS Satellite
Satellite Vehicle
Vehicle

• Weight
– 2370 pounds
• Height
– 16.25 feet
• Width
– 38.025 feet including
wing span
• Design life—10 years
 Receivers
Receivers and
and Satellites
Satellites

GPS units are made

to communicate with
GPS satellites (which
have a much better
view of the Earth) to
find out exactly where
they are on the global
scale of things.
 GPS
GPS Signals
Signals

Each GPS satellite

transmits data that
indicates its location
and the current time.
Physically the signal is
just a complicated
digital code, or in other
words, a complicated
sequence of “on” and
“off” pulses.
 Time
Time Difference
Difference
The GPS receiver
compares the time, a signal
was transmitted by a
satellite with the time it was
received. The time
difference tells the GPS
receiver how far away the
satellite is.
Position is Based on Time
Signal leaves satellite at
time “T”

Signal is picked up by the

T+3 receiver at time “T + 3”
Distance between satellite and
receiver = “3 times the speed of
light”
 Calculating
Calculating Distance
Distance

Velocity x Time = Distance

Radio waves travel at the speed of light, roughly 186,000
miles per second (mps)

If it took 0.06 seconds to receive a signal

transmitted by a satellite floating directly
overhead, use this formula to find your distance
from the satellite.

186,000 mps x 0.06 seconds = 11,160 miles

 Triangulation
Triangulation
Geometric Principle:
You can find one location if you know its distance from
other, already-known locations.
The distance (x) from one satellite tells us we're located
somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere
centered on that satellite with a radius of x.
 Triangulation
Triangulation

Distance measurements from two satellites

limits our location to the intersection of two
spheres, which is a circle.
 Triangulation
Triangulation

A third measurement narrows our location

to just two points.
 Triangulation
Triangulation

A fourth measurement determines which

point is our true location
 3-D
3-D Trilateration
Trilateration
1 Satellite 2 Satellites

3 Satellites
Sources of Signal Interference

Earth’s Atmosphere

Solid Structures

Metal Electro-magnetic Fields

Planning a Navigation Route

= Waypoint
Start
How A Receiver Sees Your Route
 Ideal Satellite Geometry
N

W E

S
Good Satellite Geometry
Poor Satellite Geometry
 Atomic
Atomic Clocks
Clocks
GPS satellites use Atomic Clocks for
accuracy, but because of the
expense, most GPS receivers do not.
 Satellite
Satellite Distribution
Distribution
When the satellites are all in the same part
of the sky, readings will be less accurate.
 PDOP
PDOP
PDOP = Positional Dilution of Precision

•A PDOP of <4 is excellent

•A PDOP of 4-8 is good 11,000 miles

11,000 miles
•A PDOP of >8 is poor 11,000 miles

11,000 miles
In
In aa Nutshell
Nutshell
 Uses
Uses
U.S. Military

Civilian shipping

Scientific high accuracy applications

Resource managers

Survey and mapping control

 Limiting
Limiting Factors
Factors

 Dense canopy

 Steep topography

 Large and numerous structures

 Microwave antenna interference

 Conclusion
Conclusion

Though originally designed to help

us, forces around the world to locate target
and move quickly,GPS has evolved to fulfill
tasks never envisaged in its original
designer’s requirements.