Capstone Project-2021

TOPIC:- “LEAD REMOVAL FROM INDUSTRIAL

WASTEWATER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW”
Under the Guidance of
Assist Prof. Shashank Garg

Name:- Yernagula Kalyan Kumar

Registration no.:- 11705037
Subject:- BTY-484
Group code:- BSRGC0158
 INTRODUCTION

 Lead is a poisonous metal.

 Lead is a major constituent of minerals, and galena(PbS),

anglesite(PbS04), and cerrusite(PbC03) are widely found.

 Commonly used in paints, batteries, cosmetics, and polyvinyl

chloride (PVC) pipes in today's world.

Wastewater

Stormwater
Domestic Industrial Runoff

Greywater Blackwater
 LEAD TOXICITY

Effect on renal system

Effects on neural system
Causes Acute and Chronic
Dullness, irritability, memory
nephropathy.
loss, and hallucinations.
 
 

Effects on reproductive Effects on Cardiovascular

system system

Impaired spermatogenesis Inflammation in heart and blood

and infertility. vessels.

 
 REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES FOR LEAD

Physical Methods Electrochemical Methods

Chemical Methods Biological Methods
• Adsorption by Natural • Micellar Enhanced
• Chemical precipitation. • Bioleaching
Materials. Ultrafiltration
• Coagulation-flocculation. • Biofiltration
• Adsorption on Aerogels. • Ion-Exchange in Batch
• Conjugate materials • Biosorption
• Low-Cost Alginate- Conical Air Spouted Bed
Melamine Hybrid Sorbent • Capacitive Deionization
 PHYSICAL METHODS

Adsorption by natural materials:

• Widely used and good adsorption capacity.
• Zeolites have high selectivity. Example: Clinoptilolite
• Clays are less costly and more readily available.

Adsorption on Aerogels:
• Removal of Pb2+ by using the freeze-drying technique.
• High selective in nature.
• Adsorb 96.4 percent of Pb2+ in aqueous solution.

Low-cost Alginate-Melamine hybrid sorbent:

• High affinity and selectivity for Pb2+
• Less binding sites on the surface of adsorbent.
• After repeated use, adsorbent morphology and adsorption performance deteriorate rapidly.
 CHEMICAL METHODS

Chemical Precipitation:
• Low-cost, sterile treatment method.
• Utilising lime (Ca(OH)2), soda ash (Na2CO3), and sodium sulphide as precipitating agents.
• To separate metal ions from the solution while maintaining their binding to dyes or metal complexes.

Coagulation-flocculation:
• Its ease of use, relatively basic nature, and low energy consumption.
• Frequently used industrial wastewater treatment systems due to its flexibility and effectiveness.
• Agglomerate fine particles and colloids into larger particles.

Conjugate materials:
• Increasing the colour with different concentrations of Pb(II).
• The effective pH range for major colour forming was 5.20.
• It is excellent for ultra-trace Pb(II) monitoring.
 ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration:
• Surfactant-based separation method and for removing heavy metal.
• Ultrafiltration membranes will bind to the micelles even at lower concentrations.
• Novel and effective method.

Ion-Exchange in Batch Conical Air Spouted Bed:

• Benefits of fixed and fluidized bed contactors while maintaining excellent hydrodynamic conditions.
• The removal of Pb2+ was found to be 99 percent, respectively, under ideal conditions.
• Metal value recovery, selectivity, robust performance reduced sludge volume, and strict discharge requirements.

Capacitive Deionization:
• It is a novel water desalination technique.
• Pumping deionized water between highly dispersed carbons electrodes with a specific potential difference applied
to them.
• It is distinguished by its lower energy consumption, low maintenance costs long-term cyclability of electrode
materials
 BIOLOGICAL METHODS
Bioleaching:
• Used in commercial metal mining.
• Microorganisms are used in bioleaching to dissolve metal oxides and sulphides.
• Industrial bacteria used in bioleaching are Acidithiobacillus and Leptospirillum microbes are mesophilic.

Biofiltration:
• Microorganisms attached to a porous medium to break down contaminants in the wastewater stream by forming a biofilm on the
surface.
• Porosity, degree of compaction, water retention capacities, and the capacity to harbour bacteria, determine the overall effectiveness
of a biofilter.

Biosorption:
• Biopolymers contain a variety of functional groups, such as hydroxyls and amines that improve metal ion uptake efficiency.
• Biopolymer adsorbents (derived from chitin, chitosan, and starch) are chosen because of their biodegradability, abundance, and
lack of toxicity.
• Salecan, a microbial polysaccharide, is produced by Agrobacterium strain sp. ZX09.
 CONCLUSION
 Physical and chemical treatments have a number of benefits, including a quick procedure, ease of
operation and control, and a variety of input loads and they have a range of disadvantages, including
high operating costs due to the chemicals used, high energy usage, and hazardous sludge disposal
handling costs.

 Electrochemical methods have strong initial solution ph. and current density, as well as high capital
and operating costs.

 Biological processes have a lot of potential for removing heavy metals. Biological processes, while
being low-cost and environmentally sustainable, require vast areas and careful maintenance and
operation.