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P 1 Areasvolumes
P 1 Areasvolumes
The area A of the region bounded by the curves y=f(x), y=g(x), and
the lines x=a, x=b, where f and g are continuous and f(x) ≥ g(x) for
all x in [a,b], is b
A [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
a
Example
2
1
2 x 2 x dx
y1 2 x 2 2
1 3 1 2
2x x x
3 2 1
8 1 1
4 2 2
3 3 2
y2 x 8 1 1
6 2
3 3 2
36 16 12 2 3 27 9
6 6 2
y x If we try vertical strips, we
have to integrate in two parts:
dx
y x2 2 4
dx x dx x x 2 dx
0 2
Let S be a solid that lies between x=a and x=b. If the cross-sectional area of S in
the plane Px , perpendicular to the x-axis, is A(x), where A is an integrable
n
function, then the volume of S is
lim A( x )x
b
V i
*
i A( x)dx
a
max xi 0 i 1
Example of a disk
y x How could we find the volume
of the cone?
One way would be
to cut it into a series of disks
(flat circular cylinders)
and add their volumes.
The volume of each disk is:
r 2 the thickness
x
2
dx
In this case:
r= the y value of the function
thickness = a small change
in x = dx
The volume of each flat
y x cylinder (disk) is:
r 2 the thickness
x
2
dx
4 2
x dx
0
4
x dx
0
4
2
x 8
2 0
Example of rotating the region about y-axis
1
The region between the curve x y , 1 y 4 and the
0
ln y 1 ln 4 ln1 ln 22 2 ln 2
4
y The natural draft cooling tower
500 ft shown at left is about 500 feet
high and its shape can be
approximated by the graph of
this equation revolved about
the y-axis:
2
y y
R r dy
4 2
V dy 2 2
0 2
4 1 2 outer inner
V y y dy radius radius
0
4
4
4 1 2 1 1 16 8
V y y dy y 2 y3 8
0 4 2 12 0 3 3
y x2
If the same region is
y 2x
rotated about the line x=2:
The outer radius is:
y
R 2
2
r The inner radius is:
y x2 y 2x R
r 2 y
y
yx x 4 y2
2 4 2 y 4 4 y y dy
4
0 4
V R 2 r 2 dy 4 1 2 1
0
3 y y 4 y 2 dy
2 0 4
y
4 2
2 2 y dy 4
0
2 3 2 1 3 8 3
y y y 2
y2 2 12 3 0
4
4 2 y 4 4 y y dy 16 64 8
0
4 24
3 3 3
Volumes of Solids of Revolution
The solids we considered are examples of solids of revolution because
they are obtained by revolving a region about a line. In general, we
calculate the volume of a solid of revolution by using the basic defining
formula
b d
V A( x)dx or V A( y )dy
a c
and we find the cross-sectional area A(x) or A(y) in one of the following
ways:
• If the cross-section is a disk, we find the radius of the disk (in terms of
x or y) and use
A = π(radius)2
• If the cross-section is a washer, we find the inner radius rin and outer
radius rout and compute the area of the washer by subtracting the area of
the inner disk from the area of the outer disk:
A = π(outer radius)2 - π(inner radius)2