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Petrochemicals Report
Petrochemicals Report
Ethylene
sometimes considered as the “king of petrochemicals” because there are more
commercial chemicals produced from ethylene than from any other intermediate
considered as one of the platform chemicals in the petrochemical industry
It is used in the manufacture of polymers such as polyethylene
PETROCHEMICALS FROM ETHYLENE
Propylene (Propene)
the oldest petrochemical feedstock
Butadiene
Benzene
• derived from natural gas, crude oil, or coal
• used as a feedstock, or raw material, to make other industrial chemicals
Toluene
Xylenes
• used as a solvent
• constituents of petroleum-based fuels like gasoline and jet fuel
AROMATIC PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Methanol
• Methanol is a primary liquid petrochemical made from renewable and
nonrenewable fossil fuels containing carbon and hydrogen
Liquid-Liquid Vapor-Solid
• Solvent Extraction • Adsorption on molecular sieves
Vapor-liquid
it is a process of transporting a chemical species from one phase into another and it is ultimately hinges
on diffusional transport of chemical species between the fluid phases and this in turn requires a large
interfacial surface area.
Distillation
a unit operation in which 2 constituents is separated by different boiling point. The net result like
flashing, more of the lower-boiling compounds will exit at the top of the column, and more of the higher-
boiling compounds will fall to the bottoms.
Extractive Distillation
performs the separation of close boiling components or azeotropes in the presence of a miscible, high
boiling, relatively non-volatile component that forms no azeotrope with the other components in the
mixture
Azeotropic Distillation
• isthe use of a third component to separate two close-boiling components. This is done by
means of the formation of an azeotropic mixture between one of the original components and
the third to increase the difference in the boiling points and facilitate separation by distillation.
Absorption
• is a unit operation used in the chemical industry to separate gases by washing or scrubbing a
gas mixture with a suitable liquid. One or more of the constituents of the gas mixture dissolves
or is absorbed in the liquid and can thus be removed from the mixture. In some systems, this
gaseous constituent forms a physical solution with the liquid or the solvent, and in other cases,
it reacts with the liquid chemically.
Liquid – Liquid
Solvent Extraction
• is a classical analytical technique used to determine the contents of various inorganic and organic
species. Inorganic compounds are usually extracted after complexation with organic ligands. The
technique also enables preconcentration of solutes and their separation and finds practical
applications in various industries, including nuclear, metal processing, petrochemistry,
pharmaceutical, and others.
Liquid – Solid
Liquid-solid separation involves the separation of two phases, solid and liquid, from
a suspension. It is used in many processes.
Crystallization
is an example of a separation process in which mass is transferred from a liquid
solution, whose composition is generally mixed, to a pure solid crystal. Soluble
components are removed from solution by adjusting the conditions so that the
solution becomes supersaturated and excess solute crystallizes out in a pure form.
Extractive Crystallization
is used to achieve several functions: separation, purification, concentration,
solidification, and the production of a crystal that can be used to determine
molecular structure. Because the heat of crystallization is typically much lower than
the heat of vaporization, considerable energy savings can be realized in applications
where crystallization is an effective means of separation.
Encapsulation
• when treating a gas or liquid stream so that it can be processed by a specific unit, one of the
commonly used treating units is an adsorption unit. These units are commonly used to remove
water from a feed stream, but they can also remove additional contaminants.
Vapor Solid
• The separation of solids from gas streams is a common unit operation in production plants.
Gas-solid separation is important both as a device to recover product but also a key technology
for environmental control. An incredible array of process technologies (for example, cyclones,
bag houses, spray towers, venturi scrubbers) is available to accomplish the task of separating
the solids from gas.