Topic: 3 Agricultural & Industrial Revolution

Topic Contents
 History of agricultural revolution
 Impacts of agricultural revolution
 History of industrial revolution
 Impacts of industrial revolution
 History of green revolution
 Impacts of green revolution
 Agribusiness
Agricultural revolution
 What is agricultural revolution?
 Why did agricultural revolution appear in
England?
 Impact of agricultural revolution in England?
 What are the effect of agricultural revolution?
Agriculture Revolution
 Changes in 16th and 18th century farming as
 Common land went to farmers and they got a piece of land
 Introducing Seed driller and Horse-drawn cultivator (1700), Cast-
iron plow (1797) and Reaper (1799)
 Start practice of crop rotation & use of manure (around 1700)
 Scientific breeding of animals (1725-1795) like selective breeding of
animals
 Results of this new technique in England
 1700: 80% of population engaged in farming
1800: 40% of population farmed AND produced a lot more.
 Yields improved 300% during 1700-1850
 AND Technology expanded over the world!!!
Global Impact – Agriculture Revolution
 Impact on Women’s lives
 Population grew – Households income raised more
than subsistence
 Food cost declined– For more production and higher
supply
 Labor supply increased- More labor force but needed
less in farming
 Discretionary spending increased - greater demand
for consumer goods
 This has stimulated the growth in industrial sector.
Industrial revolution(1750-1850)
did industrial revolution take place in England?
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in
history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in
some way.
In particular, average income and population began to exhibit
unprecedented sustained growth.
Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial
Revolution was that the standard of living for the general
population began to increase consistently for the first time in
history, although others have said that it did not begin to
meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries
Social Impacts of Industrial Revolution
• 1. The bulk of the population that was in the bottom
ladder suffered from severe reduction in standard of
living.
• 2. Though labours spent 10 hours per day, their
income rose by 20% to 40%.
• 3. Their was an increase in child labour as factory
demanded more workers.
• 4. It led to capitalism but not everyone enjoyed high
life expectancy and increased income.
Industrial revolution (IR)
• IR is a phase of changing work and workers,
1733-1900
• During IR, the manufacturing process shifted
from small-scale production by hand at home to
large-scale production by machine setting in the
factory.
• Began in England then spread to the Europe
and the United States
• In 1860, Britain produced 20% of the entire
world’s output of industrial goods
• IR really spread in America after the Civil War
(1860s +)
IR: Why in Britain
IR: Why in Britain
 Britain possessed good natural resources, It used new
energy sources such as coal, steam engine, electricity, etc.
 Development of transportation including railways,
steamship, canals, automobile, etc.
 Entrepreneurial Culture of the British
 Coal mining developed in Britain which was possible by
using steam powered pumps (innovated in Britain) in
mining.
 Need for clothing development for trade
 Invention of Flying shuttle (1733); Mule (1762);
Waterframe (1785) in Britain.
 Colonial Empire - raw materials easily accessible
• Britain Invention of new machines for cotton
industry, such as spinning jenny, power loom, etc.

• Increasing application of science to industry from

the innovations of light bulb, radio, telephone, etc

• The factory system entailed increased division of

labor and their specialization that increased
productivity.
Cotton Industry development
• Looms in the Textile factory increased from 2,400 in
1813 to 224,000 in 1850 with one million workers in
Britain.

• New innovations changed the nature of the industry

• Flying shuttle
• Cotton jenny
• Water frame
• Cotton Gin

Processed 8 million pounds raw cotton in 1770s to 250 million

pounds in 1830 in Britain
Needed cotton to import
 Factors influencing IR
Innovation of steam engine
 James Watt’s Steam Engine (1790’s)
 Steam engine was used as transportation device and used
to run entire factories.
Factors influencing IR
New Energy (Coal)
Coal Mining development
 Early mining operation
 Surface seams exhausted
 Mine shafts
 Men loosened coal
 Women/children hauled it to the shaft

 Developed mining operation

 Horse driven/steam engine driven pump
 Increased coal output dramatically from 3 million tons in
1700; 25 million tons in 1830 in England
Factors influencing IR
Transportation (railroads)
 Steam engine used in transportation device.
 Railroads was built during the 1830s and 1840s in England
 Waterway could not ship enough
 Experimentation with steam driven carriages
 1830: Manchester to Liverpool line
 Railroad designed to move coal
 Created an increased demand for iron and steel and a skilled labor
force.
 But also moved people - Quicker, more comfortable, cheaper
 1835: established 750 miles of track
 1845: 6000 miles of track sanctioned
Transportation (railroads)
Factors influencing IR
Transportation (canals)
 Canals are manmade waterways dug between 2 large
bodies of water.

 The Erie Canal was a short cut from the Atlantic

Ocean to the Great Lakes (1817).

 The Panama Canal was a shortcut from the Atlantic

to the Pacific (1880).
Factors influencing IR
Scientific Innovations
 Thomas Edison invested LIGHT BULB allowed
factories to work at night.

 Alexander Graham Bell invented TELEPHONE

Impacts of the IR (positive)
 England
 Per capita income rose 75% (1801-1851)
 Marriage age lowered
 For Social Reform movements, Progressives government passed
laws requiring workplace safety
 Factory Act (1833)
 Ten Hour Act (1847)
 Mine Act (1842)
 USA
 Per capita income increased……
 Labor unions struggled in the 1800s for better working conditions
and they were successful.
 Series of reform came during late 1800 to early 1900s.
 The Sixteenth Amendment allows for a progressive income tax that
means rich people pay a higher percentage of tax than poor people.
 People all over the world consume a lot
Negative Impacts of IR
 Family structure changed:
 At first, the entire family, including the children, worked in the
domestic factory system, just as they had at home.
 Later, family life became fragmented (the father worked in the
factory, the mother handled domestic matters, the children went to
school).
 Busy couple started not to hesitate to live separately
Negative Impacts of IR
Development at the Cost of Workers:
 Higher production came often at the expense of workers.
 Raw wool and cotton that fed the British textile mills came from
converted from farming to sheep raising, leaving farm workers
without jobs
 Labor force was abundant who had to work even 10 to 12 hours a
day for their subsistence
 Sheer number of human beings put pressure on inadequate
resources in cities : housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and
lighting
Negative Impacts of IR
Development at the Cost of Environment
 Chemicals and poisonous gas produced by factories are harmful
to human and environment.
 Waste produced by factories continues to be dumped into our
rivers, lakes, and streams
 All these toxics are slowly killing off human being and everything
that is important to survival
World Top Industrial Producers
Textile Automobile Oil
1. China 1. Japan 1. Saudi Arabia
2. USA 2. USA 2. Russia
3. Italy 3. China 3. USA
4. Japan 4. Germany 4. Iran
5. India 5. S. Korea 5. Mexico
6. Mexico 6. France 6. China
7. Thailand 7. Brazil 7. Canada
8. Indonesia 8. Spain 8. UAE
9. Pakistan 9. Canada 9. Venezuela
10. Germany 10. India 10. Norway
Green revolution
 Why was the green revolution necessary?
 Why did green revolution spread in Asia?
 What is the process of agricultural development during
green revolution?
 How did green revolution contribute to the world food
production?
 What are the negative impacts of green revolution?
 How has agribusiness mode been changed?
Necessity of GR
 IR emphasized on production of industrial products in the
developed country
 Many developed countries had not to think for shortage of
agricultural product who had access to food form developed
countries.
 the traditional agriculture was unable to meet demand,
reflected form the food crisis in early 1940s during and after
the second world war
 A revolutionary change was necessary in agriculture
technology to overcome the food shortage.
 Moreover, there was a huge scope of business oriented
agriculture production and of creating market for
agricultural inputs.
Spread of GR
 Mexico: Home of the Green Revolution
 Green Revolution usually refers to the transformation
of agriculture that began in 1945
 Norman Borlaug, the biggest contributor to Green
Revolution who joined Rockefeller Foundation team in
Mexico.
 He conducted research on development of wheat
variety for higher yield.
 1960’s: Improved wheat varieties gave dramatic
increase in yield in Mexico
 Borlaug won Nobel Peace Prize in 1970
Wheat Seed
Shipment to
Asia
1965: 250 tons to
Pakistan;
200 tons to India

1966: 18,000 tons to India

1967: 42,000 tons to

Pakistan;
21,000 tons to
Turkey
Development and Spread of
Rice variety
 International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) developed a semi-dwarf rice
variety in 1966 that could produce more
rice with certain fertilizers and irrigation.
 1970’s: Rice variety spread to millions of
farmers in Asia and third world
 1990’s: 40% of all farms in third world
 75% Rice farming in Asia
 80% Wheat farming in third world
 GR improved standard of living for
millions people worldwide
 Green Revolution:
Changes in Production and Factors of
Production in Developing Countries of Asia
Adoption of .
Modern varieties Cereal
WheatRice Irrigation Fertilizer Tractors Prodn
(M ha / % area) million hamillion t millions million t

1961 0 / 0%0 / 0% 87 2 0.2309

1970 14 / 20% 15 / 20% 106 10 0.5463
1980 39 / 49% 55 / 43% 129 29 2.0618
1990 60 / 70% 85 / 65% 15854 3.4858
2000 70 / 84% 100 / 74% 17570 4.8962
Source: FAOSTAT, July 2002 and author’s estimated on modern variety adoption, based
on CIMMYT and IRRI data.
Example: India and Bangladesh

India and Bangladesh

 Near self-sufficient in grain production due to Green
Revolution
 But 1/3 of people poor who cannot afford to BUY
enough food
  Expensive irrigation devices created inequality
Negative Impact of GR :
among farmers: Wealthy invested, became water
lord, got richer by selling water
Dependency & Inequality

 Economic power went to a few large landowners

who were bigger growers and the poor was drove
out from buying land by large growers
 Diversion of benefits of GR technology to
 Middlemen as farmers to depend for selling
 Banks as farmers to invest for new technology
 Chemical companies as farmers to use
 Food flows from the poor and hungry nations to
the rich and well-fed nations
 Production increased AND more food at same
time increases inequity
 Green Revolution not sustainable
 destroys resource base like soil and environment on
which agriculture depends
 Negative Impact of GR : Dependency  GR technology is Fertilizers -
Irrigation - Pesticides based
production system
 Dependency on expensive inputs:
 Irrigation devices
 Fertilizers
 Pesticides
& Inequality

Increased inequality among countries

as profits go to global companies
as poor countries import
 Farmers becomes gradually become
more dependent on
 Pesticide: Need gradually more
 Fertilizer: Fertilizer use increases by
huge amount
 Need more inputs each year for same
production that the poor can’t pay and
got less production
 Rice Wheat Potato
1. China 1. China 1. China
Worl 2. India 2. India 2. Russia
3. Indonesia 3. USA 3. India
d
4. Bangladesh 4. Russia 4. USA
Top 5. Vietnam 5. France 5. Ukraine
Agri 6. Thailand 6. Canada 6. Germany
cultu 7. Myanmar 7. Australia 7. Poland
ral 8. Philippines 8. Germany 8. Belgium

Prod 9. Brazil 9. Pakistan 9. Netherlands

10. Japan 10. Turkey
ucers 10. France
 Jute Tea Cotton
1. India 1. China 1. China
Worl 2. Bangladesh 2. India 2. USA
3. China 3. Sri Lanka 3. India
d
4. Côte d'Ivoire 4. Kenya 4. Pakistan
Top 5. Thailand 5. Turkey 5. Brazil
Agri 6. Myanmar 6. Indonesia 6. Uzbekistan
cultu 7. Brazil 7. Vietnam 7. Turkey
ral 8. Uzbekistan 8. Japan 8. Australia

Prod 9. Nepal 9. Argentina 9. Greece

10. Vietnam 10. Bangladesh 10. Syria
ucers
Agribusiness Development
Phases: Basic need-based business Colonization
Capitalistic agribusiness
 Basic Need based business
Agricultural production used to meet the basic needs of the
people and industry – spices for foods & cotton for textile
 Colonization and demand for raw materials
 Agriculture was replaced by the industry during industrial
revolution
 Large scale production seeks a continuous supply of raw
materials at a large level
 Colonization’ was a peculiar phenomenon where the developed
countries used the underdeveloped countries even through
occupancy for production of raw materials
Agribusiness Development
 Capitalistic agribusiness
 Capitalistic agribusiness started to rise in the mid- twentieth
century.
 Small number of industries concentrated towards supplies of inputs
and also became concentrated in food processing, distribution and
retailing.
 US food processing firms like ConAgra, Cargill, Tyson-foods,
Goldkist, etc. occupy major share in food distribution in the USA
and also in the world.
 Four large US firms process from 57% to 76% of corn, wheat and
soybeans in USA.
 Many transnational firms who started as relatively local firms but
expanded operations with global integration by building new
facilities, acquisitions and mergers with other firms.