A

SEMINAR
ON

MINERALS AND METALS FOR CHEMICAL

INDUSTRIES
 CONTENTs
 Introduction
 Chemical industrial Minerals and Metals
• Mercury
• Potash
• Phosphate Rock
• Lithium
• Boron
• Gypsum
• Bismuth
• Flour spar or Fluorite
• Sulfur
• Salt
• Barite
• Antimony

 Geological occurrence
 Indian occurrence
 Uses
 Conclusion
 Reference
 INTRODUCTION
 Natural resources: occurs naturally within environments that exist relatively
undisturbed by humanity, in a natural form.

 A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity and geodiversity

existent in various ecosystems.

 Earth crust = Minerals + rock

Minerals –inorganic compound that

occurs naturally in the earth’s crust
 Solid
 Regular internal crystalline structure.

 Rock – solid combination of 1 or more

minerals.
 Raw Materials are of Key Importance to the
Chemical Industry
 The chemical industry is the key enable of sustainable industrial production.

 Manufacturing of chemical products from raw materials (oil, wood, minerals, petroleum, metals,
water).

 Primarily used chemicals to produce plastics, pharmaceuticals, synthetics, etc, pulp and paper
industry, metallurgy, textiles, construction materials, and fertilizers.

 The chemical industry helps to overcome the tightness of critical raw materials through
improving the exploitation of deposits, improving the efficiency in processing, recycling, and
substitution.

 Carbon feedstocks – oil, gas, coal, renewables, and CO2 – are the base of organic chemistry that
creates about 90% of the value of the chemical industry.

 Some inorganic feedstocks are regarded as critical: Noble metals, some rare earth elements,
indium, lithium, phosphate, etc.
 Mercury
 Mercury or quick silver is the only metal which is liquid at ordinary
temperature.

Geological occurrence
 All mercury deposits are formed from hydrothermal solutions at
relatively low temperatures.
 Chiefly deposits in replacement deposits, fissure veins.
 The only important ore mineral of mercury is cinnabar(HgS).

Occurrence
 Kerala-Kozhikode(Badagara)

Uses
Batteries, Non-electronic medical devices (thermometers & blood pressure measuring devices.)
Compact fluorescent lamps & cold cathode fluorescent lamps.
Soaps and cosmetics.
 It is a good conductor of electricity mercury is used in switches, clutches, radio equipment, recovery of
gold and silica.
 Potash
 It has long been known that if one soaked wood ashes in water and then
evaporated the water a strong alkali remained.
 It was formerly common practice to treat the ashes in an iron pot, so that this
alkali became known as “pot ash.”
 The alkali formed in this way is potassium carbonate, but present term, potash.

Geological occurrences
 There are three different modes of occurrence:
1.evaporite marine salt deposits,
2.playa deposits, and
3.brines from salt lakes.
 The ultimate source of water soluble potassium salts are the potash silicates
that are common in nearly all igneous and metamorphic rocks. Weathering of
these minerals releases the potash, which is carried to the sea as the soluble
potassium carbonate.

Uses
Manufacture of soap, glass and pottery industry as a ceramic raw material, fireworks, 90% is used for fertilizer,
poison and paint.
 Phosphates Rock
 It is cannot be strictly called a mineral as it has no definite
chemical composition.
 It is a secondary deposit formed due to the accumulation of
organic remains like bones and by replacement of limestone,
calcite.
 The rock phosphate is commonly termed as phosphatic
nodules as it is found in nodular form.
Geological occurrence
The ultimate source of all phosphate material is from the mineral apatite
Ca5(F,Cl)(PO4)3. Apatite is very common in most igneous rocks which make up a large
proportion of the crust of the earth. When these rocks weather, the phosphate is made
available for plant life in the soil or is carried in solution to the ocean.
Occurrences
 Tamil Nadu: Tiruchirapalli, South Arcot.
 Pondicherry: Valudavur.
 Utter Pradesh: Dehra Dun.
Uses
Used in agriculture, baking powders, water softeners, dental cements and
fireproofing compounds.
 Lithium
 It is a lightest metal and melting point 180c.
 The two lithium bearing minerals of economic importance.
 1. Lepidolite: Lithium mica. Grey, red in color. Hardness 2.5-4.
 It is found in granites and gneisses.
 2.Spodumene: Double silicate of lithium and aluminium. Greenish
white, yellowish green in color. Hardness 6.5-7.It is found in granitic
rocks more often in pegmatite veins.
Geology of occurrence
 Lithium occurrences in pegmatitic bodies in mica fields.

Occurrence
 Monghyr and Hazaribagh (dist) of Bihar. Bastar in Madhya Pradesh. Udaipur, bhilwara,
jodhpur dist of Rajasthan.

Uses
 Used in chemical and pharmaceutical industries, glass industries. It is alloyed with
magnesium for making light alloys required for aeronautical purposes.
 Boron

Borax and boric acid are the two principal commercial boron compounds.
There are 60 different boron minerals, only 7 are used commercially.
Namely Borax and Kernite, Colemanite, Sassolite(boric acid).

Geological occurrence
 1.Bedded deposits beneath old playas.
 2.Brines of saline lakes and marshes.
 3. Hot springs and fumaroles.

Geological occurrence
 Limdi in Gujarat, puga valley in Jammu and Kashmir, sambhar lake in Rajasthan.

Uses
 Manufacture of enamels, tooth powder, in ceramic industry for glazing pottery.
 GYPSUM
It is a non metallic mineral. Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate.

Pure gypsum is colourless.


It is a soft mineral, hardness - 2.

Massive varieties known as alabaster and fibrous (or) silky variety

as satinspar.

Geological Occurrence
Common rock salt, the most plentiful mineral is more soluble and
does not precipitate until over 93% of the sea water is evaporated.

For this reason beds of pure gypsum can form separately from
layers of rock salt.

Deposits of both minerals occur as a result of the evaporation of

sea water.
cont…
Occurrence
 Assam : Garo Hills.
 Andhra pradesh : Adilabad, Guntur, and Nellore.
 Gujarat : Amreli, Bhaunagar, Kutch.
 Himachal Pradesh: kangra, sirmur
 Maharashtra: Kolhapur,
 Karnataka: Belgaum and Gulbarga
 Rajasthan: Ajmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Pali .
 Tamil nadu : Coimbatore, Ramnathpuram, Thiruchinnapalli,
 West bengal : Midnapur.
 Uttar pradesh: Dehradun, Nainital, Jhansi.

Uses
Widely used in lamp bases, bowls , Book ends and Novelties, Fertilizer, used for structural
materials such as plaster of paris, tiles.
 Bismuth
 It is a silver white colour mineral with a reddish-hue.
 It is a soft mineral.
 Hardness is 2 to 2.5.
 Bismuth mineral is usually associated with deposits of tin, tungsten and base
metals.

Geological occurrence
 Bismuth are mostly those formed by medium and high temperature,
hydrothermal solutions.

Occurrence
 Bihar : Singhbhum
 Rajasthan : Dhai – Dinka Jhoupra
 West Bengal : Purulia
Uses
 Medicinal preparation and in cosmetics, manufacture of glass. Bismuth
with copper forms the alloys known as “ Bismuth – Bronze “. Which are
used for making spoons, jugs, teapots.
 Flourspar (or) Fluorite
 It is the common name given to the mineral form of calcium
fluoride (CaF2).
 Fluorite in its pure form contains 51.1% of Ca and 48.9% F.
 The derived from latin word “ Fiuere ” meaning to flow.
 It occurs commonly in cubical and Octahedral crystals.
 There are different colour. Hardness 4.
Geological occurrence
 Fluorite occurs in fissure veins and as replacement beds in limestone. Fluorite is normally
hydrothermal mineral.

Occurrence
 Gujarat : Baroda, Himathnagar,
 Himachal pradesh : Mahasu,
 Madhya pradesh : Durg, Jabalpur, Raipur
 Karnataka : Hassan and Tumkur,

Uses
 Flux in the basic open hearth. Process of making steel, used in glass and enamel industry,
Microscope lenses, Insecticides.
 Sulphur
 Sulfur was well known even in ancient times when it
was referred to as “Brimstone”.
 The alchemists thought of brimstone as the “principle
of combustion” because of its ability to burn.
 Sulfur is a familiar nonmetallic element with a
characteristic yellow color.
 It is soft yet brittle and melts at a relatively low 1130
C.
 Hardness 1.5 to 2.5
Geological occurrences
There are three different kinds of sulfur deposits:
1.sulfur in the cap rock of salt domes
2.sulfur in sedimentary beds and 3.deposits of sulfur in regions of volcanic
activity.
cont…
Occurrence
 Andhra Pradesh : Godavari (east ) and Krishna.
 Himachal Pradesh: Kangra
 Jammu and Kashmir : Ladakh.
 Kerala : Alleppey.
 Karnataka : Bellary
 Tamil nadu : Arcot (south)
 Utter Pradesh : Dehradun, Gharwal

Uses for sulfur

It is used in the manufacture of explosives, refining of petroleum, medicinal
preparations, manufacture of sulphuric acid, paper pulp, insecticids,
vulcanizing rubber and gunpowder. Powdered sulfur is used in agricultural
fertilizers.
 Salt
 Salt is one of the common rock minerals of the earth.
 This mineral, technically called halite, is easily
recognized by its solubility in water, its distinctive
taste, and the cubic nature of its crystals and cleavage.
 Halite is generally colorless but, because of impurities,
may appear white, yellow, blue, brown, gray and red.
 Chemically it is sodium chloride (NaCl).

Geological occurrence
 There are four different kinds of sources:
 1.bedded salt deposits 2.Sea water and ground water
brines, 3.Saline lakes and playas, 4.Salt domes.
cont…
Occurrence
 Andhra pradesh : Kurnool.
 Assam : Cachar and Lakhimpur.
 Gujrat : Ahmedabad and Kutch.
 Himachal Pradesh : Kangra and Mandi.
 Maharashtra : Amaravathy, Chanda, Buldana
 Manipur : Thoubal Valley.
 Karnataka : Gulbarga and Kanara.
 Orissa : Cuttack, Puri
 Punjab : Gurgaon.
 Rajasthan : Barmar, Jaipur
 Tamilnadu : Selam, Thiruchirapalli.
 Uttar prasdesh : Ghazipur and Jalaun .
 Kerala : Allon, Palkulam, Variyur, Malipuram.

Uses
 It is used in food and preservative purposes, Salt is a raw material used in the manufacture of such common
chemicals as Soda, Sodium bicarbonate, caustic soda.
 Salt and chemicals derived from salt are used in the manufacture of a variety of products such as dyes, paper, cotton
thread, cements.
 It is used in medicine and cleanser.
 Barite
 It is also called “ heavy spar ”, Barites are Baryta. Non- Metallic
mineral.
 It is derived from greek term “ Barys “ meaning heavy.
 There are different colours.
 Hardness 2.5 to 3.5.
 Chemically it is barium sulphate, an insoluble and very inert
substance.
Geological occurrence
Veins and other hydrothermal fillings formed at relatively low temperature.
Barite occurs as isolated nodules
Residual deposits of barite are the result of weathering of primary deposits because
of its insoluability.

Occurrence
Andhra pradesh : Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddappa, Krishna, Kurnool, Nellore,
Khammam.
Bihar : Danbar, Ranchi, Singhbum
Gujrat : Kutch
Himachal pradesh : Sirmur.
Madhya pradesh : Jabalpur, Rewa, Sidi.
cont…

 Orissa : Sambhalpur, Sundarghar,

 Rajasthan : Ajmeer, Alwar, Bhikana and Sikar.
 Tamil nadu : Coimbatore, Thiruchirapalli, Arcot (north)
 Uttar pradesh : Dehradun.

Uses
 Used in pigments for paint, Manufacture of glass, Paper, oil-cloth and
cardboard.
 Antimony
 Antimony is one of the few metals that expand rather than contract
when hardening from the melt.
 Stibnite is the sulphide of antimony is the chief ore mineral of antimony.

Geological occurrence
 Most ore deposits containing this metal were formed from low
temperature hydrothermal solution at shallow depth.
 The ore occurs most commonly as fillings in fissures and other rock
openings.

Occurrence
 Andhra pradesh: Cuddappah, Karimnagar, Vishakapatnam, Bihar ;
Hazaribagh,
 Himachal pradesh : Kangra.
 Maharashtra : Nagpur.
 Karnataka : Bellary, Chikmagulur and Chitradurga.
 Rajasthan : Udaipur.
 Uttar pradesh : Chamouli.
cont…
Uses
 Antimony alloyed with lead it also imports hardness and stiffness
to lead and such alloys are fabricated into pipe.
 Electric cable sheathing, Bullets storage battery plates, Pigments,
Fire proofing compounds, Rubber and Glass.
 Life Cycle of a Mineral & Metal
Resources

Surface Metal ore Separation Smelting Melting Conversion Discarding

mining of ore from metal to product of product
gangue
Recycling

Smelting – heating to release metals but creating air polluting by-products

Chemical removal processes such as using cyanide to remove gold can create Toxic
holding ponds
 Conclusion
 Minerals are natural resources.
 Such natural resources can be used at once.
 Minerals are widely used in chemical industries due to its
increase in demand and extended supply.
 Most of the minerals are used in chemical industries due its
utilization in the preparation of chemicals, fertilizer, fluxing
agent, metallurgical purposes.
 The chemical industry is the key enabler of sustainable
industrial production on a reliable raw materials supply at
competitive conditions.
 Reference
 C. Finch and T. Treworther “The Earth and Its Resource.”
 Charles M. Riley “Our Mineral Resources” Printed in united states of
America.
 R. K. Sinha and N.L. Sharma “Mineral Economics” 2nd edition
(1970,1976), published in New Delhi.
 Richard M. Field “Geology” 4th edition (1951).
 B.C. Roy “Indian Mineral Resources Industries and Economics.” 1973.
 M.L. Jensen and A.M. Bateman “Economic Mineral Deposits” 3rd edition.
 S. Krishnaswamy “India’s Mineral Resources” 2nd edition(1979).
 R.K. Sinha “A Treatise On Industrial Minerals Of India” (1967).

 WWW. wikipedia.com
Thank You..!