Networking Technologies

• Network: is basically all the components (H/W &

S/W) involved in connecting computer across
small and large distance

• Importance of Networks:
Easy access and sharing of information
Sharing of expensive devices and network
resources
Modern Technologies (IP telephony, Video
on Demand, ….etc)
Network components

• Network has three main components

 Computers (servers and hosts)
- Source of applications (network aware applications)
- ex: HTTP (Hyper Text Transmission Protocol),
FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
Telnet

 Network Devices
- Devices that interconnect different computers together
- ex: Repeaters, hub, bridge, switch, router, NIC and modems

 Connectivity
- Media that physically connect the computers and network devices
- ex: Wireless and cables
Network Topologies
• Topology: How devices are connected together
 Physical Topology: It describes how devices are physically cabled
 Logical Topology: It describes how devices communicate across
physical topology
 Bus Topology

A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is

terminated at both ends.

All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.

 Ring Topology
A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host
to the first.

This creates a physical ring of cable.

 Star Topology
A star topology connects all cables to a central point of
concentration.  
 Extended Star Topology

An extended star topology links individual stars together by

connecting the hubs and/or switches.This topology can extend
the scope and coverage of the network.
Hierarchical Topology

A hierarchical topology is similar to an extended star.

Mesh Topology
A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much
protection as possible from interruption of service.
Each host has its own connections to all other hosts.
Although the Internet has multiple paths to any one
location, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.
Network Types

• LAN (Local Area Network):

It is a group of network components that work
within small area

• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

It is a group of LANs that are interconnected
within small area

• WAN (Wide Area Network):

It is a group of LANs that are interconnected
within large area
OSI model

To address the problem of networks increasing in size

and in number, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) researched many network
schemes and recognized that there was a need to
create a network model that would help network
builders implement networks that could communicate
and work together and therefore, released the OSI
reference model in 1984.
The OSI Reference Model

7 Application The OSI Model will be

used throughout your
6 Presentation
entire networking
5 Session career!
4 Transport
3 Network
Memorize it!
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Layer 7 - The Application Layer

7 Application This layer deal with

networking applications.
6 Presentation
5 Session Examples:
4 Transport  Email
 Web browsers
3 Network
2 Data Link PDU - User Data
1 Physical
Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer

7 Application This layer is responsible

for presenting the data in
6 Presentation
the required format which
5 Session may include:
4 Transport  Encryption
 Compression
3 Network
2 Data Link PDU - Formatted Data
1 Physical
Layer 5 - The Session Layer

7 Application This layer establishes,

manages, and terminates
6 Presentation
sessions between two
5 Session communicating hosts.
4 Transport
Example:
3 Network  Client Software
2 Data Link ( Used for logging in)

1 Physical PDU - Formatted Data

Layer 4 - The Transport Layer

7 Application This layer breaks up the data

from the sending host and
6 Presentation
then reassembles it in the
5 Session receiver.
4 Transport
It also is used to insure
3 Network reliable data transport
2 Data Link across the network.
1 Physical
PDU - Segments
Layer 3 - The Network Layer

7 Application Sometimes referred to as the

“Cisco Layer”.
6 Presentation
5 Session Makes “Best Path
4 Transport Determination” decisions
based on logical addresses
3 Network (usually IP addresses).
2 Data Link
PDU - Packets
1 Physical
Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer

7 Application This layer provides reliable

transit of data across a
6 Presentation
physical link.
5 Session
4 Transport Makes decisions based on
physical addresses (usually
3 Network MAC addresses).
2 Data Link
PDU - Frames
1 Physical
Layer 1 - The Physical Layer
This is the physical media
7 Application through which the data,
6 Presentation represented as electronic
signals, is sent from the
5 Session
source host to the
4 Transport destination host.
3 Network
Examples:
2 Data Link  CAT5 (what we have)
1 Physical  Coaxial (like cable TV)
 Fiber optic

PDU - Bits
Encapsulation Process
Why Another Model?

Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the

historical and technical open standard of the Internet is
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack

make data communication possible between any two
computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP

reference model because it wanted a network that could survive
any conditions, even a nuclear war.
TCP/IP model

7 Application
6 Presentation Application
5 Session
4 Transport Transport
3 Network Internet
2 Data Link Network
1 Physical Access
2 Models Side-By-Side

7 Application
6 Presentation Application
5 Session
4 Transport Transport
3 Network Internet
2 Data Link Network
1 Physical Access
The Application Layer

The application
layer of the
TCP/IP model
handles high-level
protocols, issues
of representation,
encoding, and
dialog control.
The Transport Layer

The transport layer provides transport services from

the source host to the destination host. It constitutes
a logical connection between these endpoints of the
network. Transport protocols segment and
reassemble upper-layer applications into the same
data stream between endpoints.
The transport layer data stream provides end-to-end
transport services.
The Internet Layer
The purpose of the Internet layer is to
select the best path through the network for
packets to travel. The main protocol that
functions at this layer is the Internet
Protocol (IP). Best path determination and
packet switching occur at this layer.
The Network Access Layer
The network access layer is also called the host-to-
network layer. It is the layer that is concerned with all of
the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a
physical link to the network media. It includes LAN and
WAN details, and all the details contained in the OSI
physical and data-link layers. NOTE: ARP & RARP work
at both the Internet and Network Access Layers.