Status of Philippine Aquaculture

Ramon M. Macaraig
Alsons Aquaculture Corporation
President, Chamber of Aquaculture and Ancillary
Industries in Sarangani (CHAINS)
29 July 2008
Fisheries Forum USWAG Sarangani 2008
Isla Parilla, Alabel, Sarangani Province
Presentation outline
1. What is aquaculture?
2. Status of Philippine aquaculture
a. For Food
b. For Export
3. Prospects for Philippine aquaculture
4. An array of multi-trophic aquaculture
species
a. Technological Pre-requisites
b. Species
c. Management Considerations in Aquaculture
5. Conclusions
2
1. What is aquaculture?

3
1. What is aquaculture?
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms
including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic
plants
– Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process
to enhance production such as regular stocking, feeding,
protection from predators, etc.
– Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock
being cultivated.
– For statistical purposes, aquatic organisms harvested by an
individual or corporate body that has owned them throughout their
rearing period contribute to aquaculture; while aquatic organisms
that are exploitable by the public as a common property resource,
with or without appropriate licenses, are the harvest of fisheries
 FAO Fisheries Circular 886 4
2. Status of Philippine aquaculture

5
2. Philippine aquaculture production . . .
 FOR FOOD in the local markets
– Bangus production in ponds, pens and cages
– Tilapia production in an ponds, inland water pens and cages.
– Shrimp aquaculture in brackishwater ponds for local markets
 FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGE
– A shrimp industry developed in the 1980’s for export markets in Japan,
the US and Europe.
– A budding export industry of processed bangus and tilapia products to
foreign markets with significant ethnic Filipino and Asian populations
– Trial exports of high-value marine fishes for live and chilled markets
– A seaweed industry that has been growing seaweeds and exporting
industrial grade processed products
 The value of Philippine Aquaculture is about US$750 MM
6
3. Prospects for Philippine aquaculture

7
3.1 Production for the local markets
 There are 3 suppliers of fishfood in the Philippines:
commercial fishing, municipal fishing and aquaculture.
 Aquaculture now supplies about 18% of Philippine supply.
 At a per capita consumption of 32kg, the country will need a
production of some 3 million metric tons of food fish per year.
With a population growth of 2.5%pa, the country will need an
additional 70,000MT of foodfish per year to sustain the
demand.
 Unless the conservation measures pay back (and the
prospects in the next five years are bleak), all of that
additional volume may have to be supplied by aquaculture
just to sustain fishfood security.
 This will assure that prices realized ex-farm will be sustained
in the long term
8
3.1 Production for the local markets
 The aquaculture species that will dominate will be bangus,
tilapia and shrimp unless other species are domesticated
 Other species that may be developed to meet the different
segments of the Philippine market are:
– For freshwater species: indigenous Asian seabass
(apahap), carps, catfish (hito), snakehead (dalag), goby
(biya) gourami, ulang, eel and introduced species like
pangasius, silver barb, carps and other cafishes
– For seawater species the high-value marine species for
food production and for export that may be grown in
aquaculture are the grouper (lapulapu), the pompano, the
mangrove snapper (mangagat), the cobia, the sea
bream, the Asian sea bass (apahap),
 All these species are in varying degrees of biological
domestication, market development, production technology,
etc.

9
3.2 Prospects in export crop production
 The Philippines has 220,000,000 hectares of marine water resources.
Political, environmental and technological concerns issues on how to
use this for aquaculture should be addressed.
 The future is bright for Philippine aquaculture to grow food fish and
still export high-value aquaculture products for priceless foreign
exchange.
 Seaweeds will now lead the way for the export crops in aquaculture
and will overtake the shrimp industry as the biggest dollar earner from
aquaculture
 The shrimp industry will recover with the culture of new species like
the Pacific white shrimp for local consumption and export
 The bangus and tilapia processed products will open the international
markets for Philippine aquaculture products in the medium term
 Indigenous finfishes for the live, chilled and frozen export markets will
be the next growth engine.
 The aquaculture of other crustaceans and shellfishes is the future
growth area after finfishes
10
3.2 Prospects in export crop production
 SEAWEEDS will soon be the export leader from
aquaculture and will overtake the shrimp industry as the top
dollar earner from aquaculture
 The country remains as the top source of high grade
carageenan in the world. The processing plants buy the dried
seaweeds produced by growers mostly in Southern
Philippines.
 Various species are now being grown for various uses in the
market.
 The prices of seaweeds has dropped considerably as
cheaper sources from other countries became available and
as the US dollar depreciated
 More local communities are going into seaweed production.
 Technical support needed will be on disease and post-
harvest management .
11
3.2 Prospects in export crop production
 THE SHRIMP INDUSTRY has not been a significant
player in the world shrimp market in the last five years.
 With the introduction of P.vannamei, a more sturdy shrimp
against the virulent diseases it is hoped that the industry will
rebound first to meet the shrimp demand gap in the local
market, then to enjoy export earnings.
 Prices of shrimp will continue to be high in the local market
until local production can meet the demand.
 The Philippines should be back in the export market in 3-5
years.
 The P.monodon will continue to have problems until
biosecure SPF stocks become available from the breeding
programs

12
3.2 Prospects in export crop production
 BANGUS products are now being exported as frozen
whole, deboned, smoked and marinated products to the
United States for at least ten years now.
 The industry is just taking off as organized production
methods assure markets of quality, volume, price and
delivery on committed schedules.
 Products have to conform with the quality specifications of
the export market like the HACCP, GMO, ISO, COOL,
traceability, antibiotic residue limits, etc.
 The production system has to be organized to make the most
cost-effective way of producing safe quality foods in a setting
of good environment stewardship and responsible corporate
citizenship.
 The ethnic markets can provide niche market prices as the
main competitor, Taiwan, cannot process bangus.
 There are opportunities in the organic fish markets. 13
3.2 Prospects in export crop production
 TILAPIA product exports are now starting with
strong parallels with the processed bangus industry.
 Tilapia in the export markets is a mainstream
commodity and has set prices for frozen whole and
fillet products.
 The industry is still sorting out the supply system.
Good export prices can only be had with big sizes
above 600g. Products still need to meet the quality
specifications of the export market like the HACCP,
GMO, ISO, COOL, traceability, antibiotic residue
limits, and the absence of a muddy taste.
 China remains as the market supply leader to the
US.

14
3.2 Prospects in export crop production
 HIGH-VALUE FISH SPECIES
 The aquaculture of high-value marine finfish species is a
growth area for future aquaculture development
 The following case study illustrates how aquaculture of
these species are now being developed in the country.
 At the forefront of the industry are high value live species for
food (finfishes, mulloscs and crustaceans) as needed in the
markets in China, Hongkong, Japan and the American west
coast.
 Included too are processed marine fish products e.g.
canned, smoked, pickled that are not being done due to the
lack of raw materials.
 Ornamental fishes for freshwater and seawater aquaria are
included in this group. 15
3.2 Prospects in export crop production
 THE AQUACULTURE OF MULTI-
TROPHIC SPECIES
 The aquaculture of high-value marine finfish species is only
possible in the marine environment if low trophic species
can be cultured to mitigate environmental impacts left by
monoculture systems employing highly dense feeds.
 Sea urchin, sea cucumber, abalone, seaweed and even
omnivore fish species can thrive in the growing environment
of the expensive carnivorous species and even clean it up
for the target species
 This is not to say that these mitigating species are by-
products as they are also highly priced in certain markets

16
3.2 Prospects in export crop production
 THE AQUACULTURE OF MULTI-
TROPHIC SPECIES
 “Aquaculture in Sarangani” then proposes that all
aquaculture endeavor focus on a main crop and then identify
all other species that can be grown either in polyculture or in
sequential cilture just to be able to use up the majority of the
resources in aquaculture.
 Foremost among them are the feeds, genetic stock,
biodiversity, that may be endemic or supplied to the locality.

17
4. An array of multi-trophic species

18
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture

Technological Pre-requisites for Aquaculture

 FRY: availability of seedstock, preferably from hatcheries,
 FEEDS: availability of fairly efficient formulated feeds for the
culture, a feeding program and a feed delivery system.
 KNOW-HOW: existence of sustainable methods that produce
fish at costs below the market value
 FISH HEALTH TECHNOLOGY: availability of disease
monitoring, diagnostics and treatment technology
 MARKETS: acceptance by a number of markets.
 PROCESSING: possibility of developing value-added live and
processed products
19
 4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology Unknown

Yellow-fin Tuna
Bariles, Tambakol

Thunnus
albacore
Predator
Cage Culture Information Market : developed local market
unknown growth rate Market form : chilled, frozen
unknown stocking rate Seedstock : wild caught juveniles irregular
unknown Salinity : 35 ppt, cages
urvival rate Crwding behavior : unknown
Trophic level : carnivore, predator
Feed Information:
Growth Rate : unknown
trash fish
Feeds status : unknown
Health Concerns : unknown 20
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology Unknown

Napoleon wrasse

Mameng
 
 
 
Cheilinus  
 
undulatus    
Predator  
Pond Culture Information Market : live China market, US90/kg
 
growth rate unknown Market  form : live, chilled
Stocking Rate unknown Seedstock
  : wild caught juveniles
Survival Rate = Salinity  : 30-35 ppt in cages
unknown Crwding  behavior : good
Feed Information: Trophic  level : carnivore, predator
FCR = unknown Growth  Rate : slow growing
Feeds  status : pellet/trash fish
Health Concerns : not all diseases known so far 21
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology on
Development
Humpback Grouper

Señorita Lapulapu

Cromileptis altivelis
Predator
Pond Culture Information Market : live China market, US$80/kg
7g -600g in 18 months Market form : live, chilled
Stocking Rate = 20/cu.m Seedstock : fry imports, wild-caught
Survival Rate = Salinity : 30-35 ppt in cages
unk Crwding behavior : good
Feed Information: Trophic level : carnivore, predator
F0: 50/10 F2: 48/11 Growth Rate : slow growing
F4: 48/14 F5: 47/15 Feeds status : pellet/trash fish & feed guide ok
FCR = unknown Health Concerns : not all diseases known so far 22
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology on
Development
Coral Trout

Lapulapu, Suno  
 
 
 
Plectropomus  
   
leopardus  
Pond Culture Information Market : live China market, US40/kg
Predator  
7g -600g in 9 months Market  form : live, chilled
Stocking Rate = 20/cu.m Seedstock
  : wild-caught juveniles
Survival Rate = Salinity  : 30-35 ppt in cages
unk Crwding  behavior : good
Feed Information: Trophic  level : carnivore, predator
F0: 50/10 F2: 48/11 Growth  Rate : slow growing
F4: 48/14 F5: 47/15 Feeds  status : pellet/trash fish & feed guide ok
FCR = unknown Health Concerns : not all diseases known so far 23
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology on
Development
Tiger Grouper

Lapulapu  
 
 
 
Epinephelus  
   
fuscoguttatus Market  : live China market, US$20/kg
Pond Culture Information
Predator Market  form : live, chilled
7g -600g in 7 months  
Seedstock : fry imports, local hatcheries
Stocking Rate = 20/cu.m
Salinity  : 30-35 ppt in cages
Survival Rate =   behavior
Crwding : good
unk  
Trophic level : carnivore, predator, very cannibalistic
 
Feed Information: Growth  Rate : slow growing
F0: 50/10 F2: 48/11 Feeds  status : pellet/trash fish & feed guide ok
F4: 48/14 F5: 47/15 Health Concerns : not all diseases known so far
FCR = unknown 24
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Maturing Culture
Technology
Green Grouper

Lapulapu

Epinephelus coioides
Predator
Pond Culture Information Market : developed local and export
7g -600g in 240 days Market form : live, chilled (China live at US$13/kg
Stocking Rate = 1.3/sqm Seedstock : wild caught, commercial hatchery
Survival Rate = Salinity : 5 to 35 ppt, ponds / cages
93% Crwding behavior : good
Feed Information: Trophic level : carnivore, predator
F0: 50/10 F2: 48/11 Growth Rate : good even at 3-4 gpd
F4: 48/14 F5: 47/15 Feeds status : pellet/trash fish & feed guide ok
FCR = 1.19 Health Concerns : not all diseases known so far 25
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Maturing Culture
Technology

Mangrove jack

Mangagat,
Mayamaya

Lutjanus
argentimaculatus
Pond Marine
Culture carnivore
Information Market : undeveloped local market
24g -667g in 300 days Market form : live, chilled, frozen
Stocking Rate = 3/sqm Seedstock : commercial hatcheries
Survival Rate = 82% Salinity : 5 to 35 ppt, ponds / cages
Crwding behavior : Good
Feed Information:
Not cannibalistic : after 50g
F0: 49/08
Growth Rate : Not very good at 2-3 gpd
F1: 48/07 F2: 48/07
Feeds status : Feeds / feeding guide available
FCR = 1.76
Health Concerns : not many diseases 26
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Maturing Culture
Technology
Sea bass, Barramundi
Apahap, Bulgan
Lates calcarifer
Marine carnivore,
predator

Cage Culture Information Market : local market developing fast

50g -800g in 180 days Market form : live, chilled, frozen
Stocking Rate = Seedstock : commercial hatchery
40/cu.m. Salinity : 5 to 35 ppt, ponds / cages
Survival Rate = 95% Crwding behavior : very good
Feed Information: Trophic level : carnivore, predator
F0: 49/08 F1: 48/07 Growth Rate : very good, at 4-5 gpd at 1kg
F2: 48/07 FCR = Feeds status : pellet/trash fish & feed guide ok
1.4 Health Concerns : no diseases in clean water
27
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Maturing Culture
Technology

Cobia, Sergeantfish

Rachycentron canadum
Marine carnivore

Cage Culture Information Market : slowly developing

800g - 6000g in 143 days Market form : chilled, frozen
Stocking Rate = 5/cum Seedstock : commercial hatchery
Survival Rate = Salinity : 5 to 35 ppt, cages
98% Crwding behavior : good
Feed Information: Trophic level : carnivore, predator
F0: 50/10 F2: 46/11 Growth Rate : very good; reaches 50gpd
F4: 46/14 F5: Feeds status : pellet/trash fish & feed guide28 ok
45/15 FCR = 1.45 Health Concerns : not all diseases known so far
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Maturing Culture
Technology

Trevally, Dart

Talakitok, Maliputo,
Mamsa
Carranx
sp., Carrangoides sp.
Marine Information
Pond Culture Carnivore Market : developed local market
8g - 543g in 273 days Market form : live, chilled, frozen
Stocking Rate = 1.9/sqm Seedstock : wild-caught fingerlings
Survival Rate = 81% Salinity : 5 to 35 ppt, ponds / cages
Crwding behavior : Good
Feed Information:
Not cannibalistic : at all
F0: 49/08 F1: 48/07
Growth Rate : some species slow growing
F2: 48/07
Feeds status : trash fish; feeds on experiment
FCR = 2.24
Health Concerns : not many diseases 29
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Maturing Culture
Technology

Pompano,
High-fin pompano,
Yellow-wax pomfret,
Snub-nose dart
Pampano
Trachinotus blochii
Marine carnivore

Cage Culture Information Market : developing local and export

80g - 700g in 240 days Market form : live, chilled, frozen
Stocking Rate = Seedstock : commercial hatchery
70/cum Salinity : 5 to 35 ppt, ponds / cages
Crwding behavior : Good
Survival Rate = 95%
Trophic level : carnivore for small fish
Feed Information: Growth Rate : Good
F0: 49/08 F1: 48/07 Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide ok
F2: 48/07 Health Concerns : gills may be fouled by algae,30
FCR = 2.10 parasites in pond culture
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture - Mature Technology

Black Tiger Prawn

Sugpo, lukon
Penaeus monodon
Marine carnivore

FW Pond Culture
Market : developed local and export
Information
Market form : live, chilled, frozen
PL18 - 30g in 140 days
Seedstock : commercial hatcheries
Stocking Rate = 20/sqm Salinity : 10 to 35 ppt, ponds
Survival Rate Crwding behavior : good
= 80% Trophic level : carnivore
Feed Information: Growth Rate : good
F0: 45/06 F1: 40/06 Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide ok
F2: 40/06 Health Concerns : viruses, bacteria gill fouling 31
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology on Development

Freshwater Prawn
Ulang
Macrobrachium
rosenbergii
FW carnivore

FW Pond Culture
Information
PL18 - 30g in 140 days
  Market
Market form
                                                      

Seedstock
                                                                 

Salinity
: developing local and export
: chilled, frozen
: available in limited amounts
: 0-8 ppt, ponds
Stocking Rate = known
Crwding behavior : good
Survival Rate
Trophic level : carnivore
= known Growth Rate : good
Feed Information: Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide known
known Health Concerns : viruses, bacteria gill fouling
32
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture - New Technology

Pacific White Shrimp

Suati, Suaheng puti
Penaeus vannamei
Omnivore

FW Pond Culture
Market : developed local and export
Information
Market form : live, chilled, frozen
PL15 - 20g in 110 days
Seedstock : commercial hatcheries
Stock rate = 50-100/sqm Salinity : 10 to 35 ppt, ponds
Survival Rate Crwding behavior : good
= 80% Trophic level : omnivore
Feed Information: Growth Rate : good
F0: 40/06 F1: 35/06 Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide ok
F2: 32/06 Health Concerns : viruses, white spot 33
 4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Maturing Culture
Technology

Spadefish, Kikero,
Malaga
Scatophagus argus
Marine scavenger

picture (Scarg_u3.jpg) by Randall, J.E.

Market : developed local market

Market form : chilled
Cage Culture Information
Seedstock : wild caught juveniles, hatchery
- in monoculture,
technology well-developed
unknown
Salinity : 10-35 ppt, ponds and cages
- in polyculture with
Crwding behavior : unknown
pompano, seabass,
Not cannibalistic : basically an algae feeder
lapulapu
Growth Rate : unknown
Feed Information: Feeds status : low trophic species
feeds on net-fouling algae Health Concerns : unknown 34
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture - Mature Technology

Catfish
Hito
Clarias spp.
FW omnivore

FW Pond Culture
Information Market : Small live local market
30g - 600g in 200 days Market form : live
Stocking Rate = 10/sqm Seedstock : Commecial hatcheries
Salinity : 0 to 4 ppt, ponds
Survival Rate =
Crwding behavior : good
95% Trophic level : carnivore, predator
Feed Information: Growth Rate : good
F0: 30/06 F1: 28/06 Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide ok
F2: 25/06 Health Concerns : bacteria in bad water 35

FCR = 1.50
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Maturing Culture
Technology
Mudcrab
Alimango, kasag
Scylla serrata
Scavenger,
omnivore
Cage Culture Information
15-150 in 3 months Market : developed local/export market
Market form : live, processed
stocked in individual cage Seedstock : wild, hatcheries on research
survival rate- 100% Salinity : 35 ppt, cages
stocked in ponds @ Crwding behavior : poor
1,2,5/sqm Trophic level : scavenger, very cannibalistic
survival rate- 80%, 45%, Growth Rate : 15-150g in 3 months
33% Feeds status : omnivore, trash fish, snails, feeds
on experiment
Feeds – on development Health Concerns : unknown 36
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology on
Development
Blue Crab
Alimasag, lambay

Portunus
pelagicus
Marine omnivore Market : developed local/export market
Cagescavenger
Culture Information Market form : live, processed
growth rate- unknown Seedstock : wild, hatcheries on research
stocking rate- on Salinity : 35 ppt, cages
research Crwding behavior : poor
survival rate- unknown Trophic level : scavenger, cannibalistic
Growth Rate : on fattening
Feed Information: Feeds status : omnivore, feeds on experiment
Formulated feeds still on Health Concerns : unknown 37
development
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture - New Technology

Tra catfish
Hito, Pangasius, Cream
dory
Pangasius
hypopthalamus
FW omnivore

FW Pond Culture Market : Export market

Information: for research Market form : filet
Seedstock : Introduce new species
Feed Information:
Salinity : 0 to 4 ppt, ponds, pens
rice bran Crwding behavior : good
Trophic level : omnivore
Growth Rate : good
Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide ok
Health Concerns : bacteria in bad water 38
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture - New Technology

Basa catfish
Hito, Pangasius, Cream
dory
Pangasius bocourti
FW omnivore

                  
FW Pond Culture                
Market : Export market
Information: for research Market form : filet
Seedstock : Introduce new species
Feed Information:
Salinity : 0 to 4 ppt, ponds, pens
rice bran Crwding behavior : good
Trophic level : omnivore
Growth Rate : good
Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide ok
Health Concerns : bacteria in bad water 39
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture - Mature Technology

Nile Tilapia
Tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus
FW omnivore

FW Pond Culture
Market : developed local and export
Information
Market form : live, chilled, frozen
30g - 600g in 240 days
Seedstock : commercial hatcheries
Stocking Rate = 5/sqm Salinity : 0 to 10 ppt, ponds / cages
Survival Rate = Crwding behavior : good
95% Trophic level : omnivore
Feed Information: Growth Rate : good
F0: 30/06 F1: 28/06 Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide ok
F2: 25/06 Health Concerns : bacteria in bad water 40
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Mature Technology

Milkfish
Bangus
Chanos chanos
Planktivore,
filter feeder

FW Pond Culture Market : developed local and export

Information Market form : live, chilled, frozen
30g - 640g in 210 days Seedstock : commercial hatcheries
Stocking Rate = 1.6/sqm Salinity : 0 to 33ppt, ponds / cages
Survival Rate Crwding behavior : good
= 95% Trophic level : planktivore
Growth Rate : good
Feed Information: Feeds status : feeds & feeding guide ok
F0: 30/06 F1: 28/06 Health Concerns : none 41
F2: 25/06
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology on
Development
Donkey’s Ear
Abalone
Sobrasobra,
Kapinan

Haliotis
asininaInformation
Cage Culture Market : developed export market
growth rate known
Herbivore Market form : processed, chilled, frozen
known stocking rate Seedstock : hatcheries
known survival rate Salinity : 35 ppt, cages
Crwding behavior : good
Feed Information:
Trophic level : a herbivorous gastropod
Gracilaria seaweeds
Growth Rate : 60g in 9 mos
culture still on
Feeds status : Gracilaria culture on development
development
Health Concerns : unknown 42
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology Unknown

Sandfish Sea
Cucumber
Balat

Holothuria
scabra
Culture Information
Detritivore Market : developing export market
growth rate unknown Market form : dried
stocking rate unknown Seedstock : none
survival rate Salinity : 35 ppt, cages
unknown Crwding behavior : good
Trphic level : a detritus eater
Feed Information:
Growth Rate : unknown
unknown
Feeds status : recommended under sea cages
Health Concerns : unknown 43
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Technology Unknown

Sea Urchin
Swaki

Tripneustes
gratilla
Culture Information
Herbivore Market : developed export market
growth rate unknown Market form : processed roe
stocking rate unknown Seedstock : none
survival rate Salinity : 35 ppt,
unknown Crwding behavior : good
Torphic level : a macroalgae eater
Feed Information:
Growth Rate : unknown
unknown
Feeds status : recommended under sea cages
Health Concerns : unknown 44
4.1 Species Under Evaluation for Aquaculture – Others

1.Green mussels – tahong - Filter feeder

2.Oysters - Filter feeder

3.Clams – Filter Feeder

4.Diwal – Detritivore

5.Imbao – Omnivore, bacteria feeder

6.Seaweeds and algae - Primary producers,

autotrophs

7.Ornamental freshwater fishes

8.Ornamental seawater fishes
45
4.2 Management Considerations in Aquaculture

Investments in aquaculture are evaluated on the basis

of securing profitable margins after
• providing to specific markets
• their specified products
• of consistent high quality and
• predictable volumes
• at the time and place they want the goods
• at agreed prices which are above production costs.

46
4.2 Management Considerations in Aquaculture

Value chain for an aquaculture business

3. chilled fish
1. hatchery 2. grow-out marketing

4. value added 5. value-added

processing marketing 47
4.2 Management Considerations in Aquaculture of Finfish

Value chain for bangus aquaculture business

Duration
Production Stage RM Product (days) Age
Frozen cases in FOB Cases
VAP marketing storage portside 45 417
Chilled fish at Frozen cases in
VAP processing selling house storage 1 372
30g juvenile 640g chilled fish
Grow-out 3:2 seeded at selling house 240 371
Transition 1g-fingerlings 30g juveniles 90 131
Nursery size 4/5 fry 1g fingerlings 23 41
Hatchery PL
culture spawned eggs size 4/5 fry 18 18

Hatchery
48
Maturation spawners eggs 8 years
4.2 Management Considerations in Aquaculture

Value chain support systems for aquaculture

1. Feeds (quality, volumes, delivery, feeding systems)
2. Growing structures (ponds, pens, cages, lines, rafts)
3. Growing locations
4. Production technology
5. Input support at each stage of the chain (e.g., seedstock)
6. Government permits
7. Market specifications (third-party certifications)
49
8. Environmental sustainability
5. Conclusions on Philippine aquaculture
Aquaculture in the Philippines and in Sarangani
offers opportunities for growth with the availability
of a number of species available to build business on.
Sustainability and profitability principally depends on
growth and feeding systems in the selected
environments
Aquaculture in Sarangani will best be profitable ,
sustainable and environmentally compatible if it
utilizes a multi-trophic approach with compatible
species being raised together with the target crop to
better link the gaps in the value chain.

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Thank
You

51
RAMON M. MACARAIG
Ramon M. Macaraig is the Head of the Technical Services
Department of the Agribusiness Unit of the Alcantara Group and is also
the president of the Chamber of Aquaculture and Anciliary Industries in
Sarangani (CHAINS).
He has been engaged in plantation agriculture technology and
management since 1977 and has worked on aquaculture since 1987 in
culturing crops like bananas, mango, citrus, bangus, tilapia, sugpo,
lapulapu, pompano, etc.
His particular research interests lie in hydroponics and in aquaculture
environments.
He graduated with an MS Chemistry degree from the Ateneo de
Manila University in 1978.
He lives with his wife, Mila, and three children in Davao City. 52