Computer Graphics

Chapter 12
Color Models and Color
Applications

Somsak Walairacht, Computer Engineering, KMITL

 Outline
 Properties of Light
 Color Models
 Standard Primaries and the Chromaticity Diagram
 The RGB Color Model
 The YIQ and Related Color Models
 The CMY and CMYK Color Models
 The HSV Color Model
 The HLS Color Model
 Color Selection and Applications

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 Properties of Light
 What is light?
 “light” = narrow frequency band of electromagnetic spectrum
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Red: 3.8x1014 hertz
 Violet: 7.9x1014 hertz

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 Spectrum of Light
 Monochrome light can be described by frequency f a
nd wavelength λ
 c = λ f (c = speed of light)
 Normally, a ray of light
contains many different
waves with individual
frequencies
 The associated distribution
of wavelength intensities
per wavelength is referred
to as the spectrum of
a given ray or light source

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 The Human Eye

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 Psychological Characteristics o
f Color
 Dominant frequency (hue, color)
 Brightness (area under the curve), total light energy
 Purity (saturation), how close a light appear to be a pure spectral color,
such as red

Purity = ED − EW

ED = dominant energy density

EW = white light energy density
 Chromaticity, used to refer collectively to the two properties des
cribing color characteristics: purity and dominant frequency

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 Intuitive Color Concepts
 Color mixing created by an artist
 Shades, tints and tones in scene can be produced by
mixing color pigments (hues) with white and black pi
gments
 Shades
 Add black pigment to pure color
 The more black pigment, the darker the shade
 Tints
 Add white pigment to the original color
 Making it lighter as more white is added
 Tones
 Produced by adding both black and white pigments

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 Colorimetry (CM)
 CM is the branch of color science concerned
with numerically specifying the color of a phy
sically defined visual stimulus
 Stimuli with the same specification look alike unde
r the same viewing conditions
 Stimuli that look alike have the same specification
 The numbers used are continuous functions of the
physical parameters

Colorimetry n. measuring of the intensity of color

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 CM Properties
 CM only considers the visual discriminability o
f physical beams of radiation
 Colors are an equivalence class of mutually in
discriminable beams
 Colors in this sense cannot be said to be “red
”, “green” or any other “color name”
 Discriminability is decided before the brain co
mes into action - CM is not psychology

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 Color Matching Experiments
 Observers had to
match a test light
by combining thre
e fixed primaries
 Goal: find the uniq
ue RGB coordinate
s for each stimulus

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 Tristimulus Values
 The values RQ, GQ and BQ for a stimulus Q that
fulfill
Q = RQ*R + GQ*G + BQ*B
are called the tristimulus values of Q

 R = 700.0 nm
 G = 546.1 nm
 B = 435.8 nm

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 Negative Light in a CME
 if a match using only positive RGB values pro
ved impossible, observers could simulate a su
btraction of red from the match side by addin
g it to the test side

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 Color Models
 Method for explaining the properties or behavior of color within some particular
context
 Combine the light from two or more sources with different dominant frequencies and
vary the intensity of light to generate a range of additional colors
 Primary Colors
 3 primaries are sufficient for most purposes
 Hues that we choose for the sources
 Color gamut is the set of all colors that we can produce from the primary colors
 Complementary color is two primary colors that produce white
 Red and Cyan, Green and Magenta, Blue and Yellow

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 Color-Matching
 Colors in the vicinity of 500 nm can be matched by subtracting
an amount of red light from a combination of blue and green lig
hts
 Thus, an RGB color monitor cannot display colors in the neighbo
rhood of 500 nm

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 CIE XYZ
 Problem solution: XYZ color system
 Tristimulus system derived from RGB
 Based on 3 imaginary primaries
 All 3 primaries are outside the human vi
sual gamut
 Only positive XYZ values can occur
 1931 by CIE (Commission International
e de l’Eclairage)
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 Transformation CIE RGB->XYZ
 Projective transformation specifically designed
so that Y = V (luminous efficiency function)
 XYZ  CIE RGB uses inverse matrix
 XYZ  any RGB matrix is device dependent

X = 0.723R + 0.273G + 0.166B

Y = 0.265R + 0.717G + 0.008B
Z = 0.000R + 0.008G + 0.824B

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 The XYZ Model
 CIE primitives is referred to as the XYZ model
 In XYZ color space, color C (λ) represented as
C (λ) = (X, Y, Z)
where X Y Z are calculated from the color-matching functions

X  k fx (  ) I (  ) d 
visible 

Y  k fy (  ) I (  ) d 
visible 

Z  k fz (  ) I (  ) d 
visible 

k = 683 lumens/watt
I(λ) = spectral radiance
f = color-matching function

C ( )  XX  YY  ZZ

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 The XYZ Model
 Normalized XYZ values
 Normalize the amounts of each primary against the s
um X+Y+Z, which represent the total light energy

x z
X Y, Z Y
X y y
x
X Y  Z
where z = 1 - x - y, color can be represented with just x and y
Y
y x and y called chromaticity value,
X Y  Z it depend only on hue and purify

Y is luminance

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 RGB vs. XYZ

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 The CIE Chromaticity Diagram
 A tongue-shape curve formed by plotting the normalized amoun
ts x and y for colors in the visible spectrum
 Points along the curve are spectral color (pure color) Spectral
 Purple line, the line joining the red and violet spectral points Colors
 Illuminant C, plotted for a white light source and used as a standar
d approximation for average daylight

Illuminant Purple
Line

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 The CIE Chromaticity Diagram
 Luminance values are not available because of norma
lization
 Colors with different luminance but same chromaticit
y map to the same point
 Usage of CIE chromaticity diagram
 Comparing color gamuts for different set of primaries
 Identifying complementary colors
 Determining purity and dominate wavelength for a given col
or
 Color gamuts
 Identify color gamuts on diagram as straight-line segments
or polygon regions

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 The CIE Chromaticity Diagram
 Color gamuts
 All color along the straight lin
e joining C1 and C2 can be o
btained by mixing colors C1
and C2
 Greater proportion of C1 is u
sed, the resultant color is clo
ser to C1 than C2
 Color gamut for C3, C4, C5 g
enerate colors inside or on e
dges
 No set of three primaries ca
n be combined to generate
all colors

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 The CIE Chromaticity Diagram
 Complementary colors
 Represented on the diagram as two points on opposite sides
of C and collinear with C
 The distance of the two colors C1 and C2 to C determine the
amount of each needed to produce white light

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 The CIE Chromaticity Diagram
 Dominant wavelength
 Draw a straight from C through
color point to a spectral color on
the curve, the spectral color is th
e dominant wavelength
 Special case: a point between C
and a point on the purple line Cp
, take the compliment Csp as do
minant
 Purity
 For a point C1, the purity determ
ined as the relative distance of C
1 from C along the straight line j
oining C to Cs

Purity ratio = dC1 / dCs

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 subYM

Complementary Colors subCR

 Additive  Subtractive
 Blue is one-third  Orange (between red a
 Yellow (red+green) is two-thir
ds
nd yellow)<>cyan-blue
 When blue and yellow light are
 green-cyan<>magenta-
added together, they produce red color
white light
 Pair of complementary colors
 blue and yellow
 green and magenta
 red and cyan
addRG

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 The RGB Color Model
 Basic theory of RGB color model
 The tristimulus theory of vision
 It states that human eyes perceive color through the stimulation of three vis
ual pigment of the cones of the retina
 Red, Green and Blue
 Model can be represented by the unit cube defined on R,G and B axes

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 The RGB Color Model
 An additive model, as with the XYZ color system
 Each color point within the unit cube can be represented as a w
eighted vector sum of the primary colors, using vectors R, G an
dB
 C(λ)=(R, G, B)=RR+GG+BB

 Chromaticity coordinates for the National Television System Co

C ( )  ( R,(NTSC)
mmittee G, B)  Rstandard
R  GG  RGB
BB primaries

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 Subtractive RGB Colors

Cyan

Yellow Green

Black
Red Blue
Yellow absorbs Blue
Magenta absorbs Green
Cyan absorbs Red
Magenta

White  minus Blue minus Green = Red

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 The CMY and CMYK Color Mod
els
 Color models for hard-copy devices, such as printers
 Produce a color picture by coating a paper with color pigments
 Obtain color patterns on the paper by reflected light, which is a subtractive
process
 The CMY parameters
 A subtractive color model can be formed with the primary colors cyan, mag
enta and yellow
 Unit cube representation for the CMY model with white at origin

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 The CMY and CMYK Color Mod
els
 Transformation between RGB
and CMY color spaces
 Transformation matrix of conve
rsion from RGB to CMY
 C  1  R 
 M   1  G 
    
 Y  1  B 

 R  1  C 
 Transformation matrix of conve G   1   M 
    
rsion from CMY to RGB  B  1  Y 

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 The YIQ and Related Color Mo
dels
 YIQ, NTSC color encoding for forming the composite
video signal
 YIQ parameters
 Y, same as the Y complement in CIE XYZ color space, luminance
 Calculated Y from the RGB equations
 Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B
 Chromaticity information (hue and purity) is incorporated with I
and Q parameters, respectively
 Calculated by subtracting the luminance from the red and blue
components of color
 I =R–Y
 Q=B–Y
 Separate luminance or brightness from color, because we
perceive brightness ranges better than color

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 The YIQ and Related Color Mo
dels (2)
 Transformation between RGB and YIQ color s
paces
 Transformation matrix of conversion from RGB to
YIQ
Y   0.299 0.587 0.114   R 
 I    0.701  0.587  0.114   G 
     
Q   0.299  0.587 0.886   B 

 Transformation matrix of conversion from YIQ to

RGB
 Obtain from the Rinverse
 1 matrix
 
1
of 0  Y 
the RGB
 
to YIQ conver
sion G   1  0.509  0.194   I 
 B  1 0 1  Q 
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 The HSV Color Model
 Interface for selecting colors often use a color model based on i
ntuitive concepts rather than a set of primary colors
 The HSV parameters
 Color parameters are hue (H), saturation (S) and value (V)
 Derived by relating the HSV parameters to the direction in the RGB
cube
 Obtain a color hexagon by viewing the RGB cube along the diagona
l from the white vertex to the origin

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 The HSV Color Model
 The HSV hexcone
 Hue is represented as an angle about the vertical axis ranging from
0 degree at red to 360 degree
 Saturation parameter is used to designate the purity of a color
 Value is measured along a vertical axis through center of hexcone

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 HSV Color Model Hexcone
 Color components:
 Hue (H) ∈ [0°, 360°]
 Saturation (S) ∈ [0, 1]
 Value (V) ∈ [0, 1]

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 HSV Color Definition
 Color definition
 Select hue, S=1, V=1
 Add black pigments, i.e., d
ecrease V
 Add white pigments, i.e., d
ecrease S
 Cross section of the HSV
hexcone showing regions
for shades, tints, and ton
es
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 HSV
 Hue is the most obvious characteristic of a color
 Chroma is the purity of a color
 High chroma colors look rich and full
 Low chroma colors look dull and grayish
 Sometimes chroma is called saturation
 Value is the lightness or darkness of a color
 Sometimes light colors are called tints, and
 Dark colors are called shades

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 Transformation
 To move from RGB space to HSV space:
 Can we use a matrix? No, it’s non-linear.
min  the minimum R, G, or B value
max  the maximum R, G, or B value
 0 if max  min
 60 g  b  0 0 if max  0
 if max  r and g  b s   max min
max  min  max
otherwise
  g b
60  360 if max  r and g  b
h max  min v  max
  br
60 max  min  120 if max  g


  rg
 60  240 if max  b
 max  min

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 The HSV Color Model
 Transformation between HSV and RGB color spaces
 Procedure for mapping RGB into HSV
class rgbSpace {public: float r, g, b;};
class hlsSpace {public: float h, l, s;};
void hsvT0rgb (hlsSpace& hls, rgbSpace& rgb) {
/* HLS and RGB values are in the range from 0 to
1.0 */
int k
float aa, bb, cc, f;
if ( s <= 0.0)
r = g = b = v; /* Have gray scale if s = 0 */
else {
if (h == 1.0) h = 0.0;
h *= 6.0; switch (k) {
k = floor (h); case 0: r = v; g = cc; b = aa; break;
f = h - k; case 1: r = bb; g = v; b = aa; break;
aa = v * (1.0 - s); case 2: r = aa; g = v; b = cc; break;
bb = v * (1.0 - (s * f)); case 3: r = aa; g = bb; b = v; break;
cc = v * (1.0 - (s * (1.0 - f))); case 4: r = cc; g = aa; b = v; break;
case 5: r = v; g = aa; b = bb; break;
}
}
}

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 The HSV Color Model
 Transformation between HSV and RGB color spaces
 Procedure for mapping HSV into RGB
class rgbSpace {public: float r, g, b;};
class hlsSpace {public: float h, l, s;};

const float noHue = -1.0;

inline float min(float a, float b) {return (a < b)? a : b;}
inline float mab(float a, float b) {return (a > b)? a : b;}

void rgbTOhsv (rgbSpace rgb, hlsSpace hls) {

float minRGB = min (r, min (g, b)), maxRGB = max (r, max (g,
b));
float deltaRGB = maxRGB - minRGB;
v = maxRGB; if (s <= 0.0) h = noHue;
if (maxRGB != 0.0) s = deltaRGB / maxRGB; else {
else s = 0.0; if (r == maxRGB) h = (g - b) / deltaRGB;
else
if (g == maxRGB)
h = 2.0 + (b - r) / deltaRGB;
else
if (b == maxRGB)
h = 4.0 + (r - g) / deltaRGB;
h *= 60.0;
if (h < 0.0) h += 360.0;
h /= 360.0;
}
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 The HLS Color Model
 HLS color model
 Another model based on
intuitive color parameter
 Used by the Tektronix Co
rporation
 The color space has the
double-cone representati
on
 Used hue (H), lightness
(L) and saturation (S) as
parameters

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 Color Model Summary
 Colorimetry:
 CIE XYZ: contains all visible colors
 Device Color Systems:
 RGB: additive device color space (monitors)
 CMYK: subtractive device color space (printers)
 YIQ: NTSC television (Y=luminance, I=R-Y, Q=B-Y)
 Color Ordering Systems:
 HSV, HLS: for user interfaces

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Comparison

RGB CMY YIQ HSV HSL

CMYK 43
 Color Selection and Applicatio
ns
 Graphical package provide color capabilities in a way
that aid users in making color selections
 For example, contain sliders and color wheels for RGB comp
onents instead of numerical values
 Color applications guidelines
 Displaying blue pattern next to a red pattern can cause eye f
atigue
 Prevent by separating these color or by using colors from one-h
alf or less of the color hexagon in the HSV model
 Smaller number of colors produces a better looking display
 Tints and shades tend to blend better than pure hues
 Gray or complement of one of the foreground color is usuall
y best for background

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How different are the
colors of square A
and square B?

They are
the same!

Don’t
believe me?

45
What color is this How about this
blue cube? yellow cube?

46
 Want to see it slower?
What color is this How about this
blue cube? yellow cube?

47
 Even slower?
What color is this How about this
blue cube? yellow cube?

48
 So what color is it?
What color is this How about this
blue cube? yellow cube?
It’s gray!

49
Humans Only Perceive Relativ
e Brightness

50
 Cornsweet Illusion
Cornsweet illusion. Left part of the
picture seems to be darker than the
right one. In fact they have the same
brightness.
The same image, but the edge in the
middle is hidden. Left and right part
of the image appear as the same
color now.
51
Self-Animated Images

52
 What happens when chickens
see red?
 A company* that markets red contact lenses for chickens (at 20 cents
a pair), points to medical studies showing that chickens wearing red-tin
ted contact lenses behave differently from birds that don't.
 They eat less, produce more and don't fight as much. This decreases a
ggressive tendencies and birds are less likely to peck at each other cau
sing injury.
 A spokesman said the lenses will improve world egg-laying productivity
by $600 million a year.
(Perhaps everything looks red and they cannot distinguish combs, wattl
es, or blood.
Or ...perhaps the chickens are happier because they're viewing the wor
ld through rose colored glasses.)

Animalens Inc. of Wellesley, Mass

If you don't believe this, read the facts! http://www.inc.com/magazine/

19890501/5636.html

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 End of Chapter 12

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