RECAP

Talkie Time: Research Facts

Lesson 8, Objectives : The learner

1. Identify the guidelines in literature citation and citing

references (APA or MLA) - Addendum

2. Develop skills in proper parenthetical citation - addendum

Group Activity: Discuss in your group the answer to these questions?
What is the importance of a Review of Literature?
What will happen if you don’t cite sources that you borrow?
How do you cite sources?

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of related literature or

theoretical background consists of a
collection of pertinent reading, published
or unpublished, in local or foreign
settings.
Two parts:

1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND – non-research

reference materials written by authorities on the
subject that embody experiences, viewpoints and
interpretations of the subject of the research study.
These are published materials like books, journals,
magazines, pamphlets.
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2. Related Studies – are from unpublished
materials like theses, research reports,
seminar papers, and dissertations and have
bearing on the research study being
undertaken.

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What is the purpose of the Review of Literature?
PURPOSES:

1. It helps the researcher look for possible theories, concepts or

principles to support his investigation.

2. It can reveal investigations similar to your own, and it can show

you how the collateral researchers handled these situations.

3. It is essential in formulating a sound research problem or research

title, hypotheses or assumptions.
4. It can reveal to you sources of data that you may not have known
existed.

5. It enlightens the researcher as to the direction of the study.

6. It proves that the study is researchable and posses novelty.

7. It helps to identify the statistical instruments to be used in the

study.

8. It serves as a guide to writing the findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

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 Why Use Citation?
• Allows readers to cross-reference
your sources easily
• Provides consistent format within
a discipline
• Gives you credibility as a writer
• Protects you from plagiarism
 Avoiding Plagiarism
• Academic honesty and integrity!
–Proper citation of your sources can help you
avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It
may result in anything from failure of the
assignment to expulsion from school.
•You are academically dishonest if:
•Someone writes your paper for you
•You purchase a paper
•You copy a paper from online
•You fail to cite your sources
•Your present someone else’s ideas as your
own
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 Academic Paper Formats
MLA (Modern Language Association) - used in literature, arts management,
business and the humanities

APA (American Psychological Association) - used in social sciences, such as

psychology and education and natural sciences

CMS (Chicago Manual Style) -The Chicago Manual of Style, also often called
“Turabian Style”. Used in Social sciences and natural & physical sciences, but
most commonly in the humanities—literature, history, and the arts.
 Citation Locations

Sources used to write a paper are acknowledged in two different

places within the paper:
1. As in-text citations within the text of the paper
2. In the Works Cited page at the end of the
paper .
 Why Source Integration?
 Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries
– provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
– refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
– give examples of several points of view on a subject
– call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
– highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by
quoting the original
– distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue
readers that the words are not your own
– expand the breadth or depth of your writing
 Choosing Text to Integrate
1. Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.
2. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of
the essay is.
3. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the
essay.
4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you
believe should be quoted directly.
 Summarizing
 When you summarize, you put the main idea(s) into
your own words, including only the main point(s).
– Summarized ideas must be attributed to the original
source.
– Summaries are significantly shorter than the original.
– Summaries take a broad overview of source material.
 Paraphrasing
 Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material
into your own words.
– Attribute paraphrases to their original sources.
– Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may be the same
length as, the original passage.
– Paraphrases take a more focused segment of the source and
condense it slightly.
 Quoting
 Quotations must be identical to the original.
– Quotations use a narrow segment of the source.
– They must match the source document word for word and
must be attributed to the original author.
– Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the
discussion that they cannot be replaced.
– Use quotes when the author’s words are so precisely and
accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased.
 Comparing In-Text Citations
• In-text citations are used when you need to give credit to an author for using a
quote (exact wording), paraphrasing (rewording), or discussing his/her ideas.
Example: (Mathis and Jones, 2009, pg. 74)
• All in-text citations for MLA, APA, CMS must reference the author’s name.

• Reference to the page number or publication year depends on the situation

and citation style.
• When using APA, always give the year of publication.
• When quoting, always give the page number in MLA & APA.
• When paraphrasing or simply referencing, no page number is needed for either
style.
• CMS General Form: (Author Last Name Year of Publication, Page #) 20
Example: “The study provided no significant findings regarding the relationship of Math
and Science skills in research study.”
Source: Johnson, Thomas and Arlene Maiden. Studies in College. New York:
McGraw- Hill. 2003. Print. (p 34)
Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed that there was…
APA: As stated in Johnson & Maiden (2003), the research showed that…
CMS: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed that there was…
Quote (In text)
MLA: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes” (34).
APA: As Johnson & Maiden (2003) explained, their “study…classes” (p. 34).
CMS: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes” 34.

Quote (no incorporation in text)

MLA: “…in research classes” (Johnson and Maiden 34).
APA: “…in research classes” (Johnson & Maiden, 2003, p. 34).
CMS: “…in research study” (Johnson & Maiden 2003, 34).
 Parenthetical Citations Multiple Authors
• 2 authors – cite both names separated by &
Example: (Rubin & Roessler, 2002, p. 127)
• 3-5 authors – cite major author’s first time; after first time, use et al.
Example:
(Chan et al., 20)
• 6 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et al.
Example:
(Rosenthal et al., 1992, p 23)
 Comparing References

• At the end of each research paper, a section must be devoted to listing

the information for each resource that you used in the paper. This
includes all resources that you quoted, paraphrased, or mentioned.

• If you have done your citing correctly, you should have mentioned
each reference work at least once in your paper and each cited
resource should have a reference citation.

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 Application
Source: STEC. STEC SHS Code. Lapu-Lapu City: DepEd Publishing. 2016. Print. (p 99)

“The STEC strictly adhere to its commitment as explained in the STEC SHS Code: We are the STEC
Senior High Students. Independent and self-reliant. We are committed to develop ourselves the
21st century skills: critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration. We are the
future, We are the leaders of STEC Senior High School. “

Paraphrase
MLA:
APA:
CMS
Quote (incorporation in text)
MLA:
APA:
CMS
Quote (non incorporation in text)
MLA:
APA:
CMS 24
 Application
Source: STEC. STEC SHS Code. Lapu-Lapu City: DepEd Publishing. 2016. Print. (p 99)
“The STEC strictly adheres to its commitment as explained in the STEC SHS Code: We are the STEC
Senior High Students. Independent and self-reliant. We are committed to develop ourselves the
21st century skills: critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration. We are the
future, We are the leaders of STEC Senior High School. “
Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by STEC, the statement on the STEC adheres…
APA: As stated by STEC (2016), statement on the STEC strictly adheres…
CMS : As stated by STEC, the statement on the STEC adheres…
Quote (incorporation in text)
MLA: As explained by STEC in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” (99).
APA: As explained by STEC (2016) in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” (p. 99).
CMS : As explained by STEC in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” 99.
Quote (non incorporation in text)
MLA: “The STEC…School” (STEC 99).
APA: “The STEC…School” (STEC, 2016, p. 99).
CMS: “The STEC…School” (STEC 2016, 99). 25
 Cyberbullying: How Physical Intimidation
Influences the Way People are Bullied
 

Tyler Maxwell
 
University of West Florida
 
 
 

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 Cyberbullying: How Physical Intimidation Influences the
Way People are Bullied

Discussion of Concepts based on the key words

Prevelance of Cyberbullying.
The Relationship Between Bully and Victim.
The Types of People Who Bully.

The Effects of Bullying

The Types of People Who are Victims.

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Review of Literature

Prevelance of Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is something that is

has become a new social phenomenon in today’s society. It can
often times leave students unable to escape their bullies and leave
them feeling alone and helpless. Faucher, Jackson, and
Cassidy(2014) performed a study on 1925 students across four
Canadian universities that found 24.1 percent of students had
been the victims of cyberbullying over the last twelve months.
These shocking numbers show that nearly one in every four
people have been the victims of this phenomenon.

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This statistic is interesting however because when compared to studies
that were done amongst younger age students you see that the numbers
are drastically different. Wegge, Vandebosch, and Eggermont(2014) found
that among 1,458 13-14 year old students that considerably less students
reported being cyberbullied. This is very similar to what Vanderbosch and
Van Cleemput (2009) found among 2052 students in the 12-18 ranges
which concluded that 11.1 percent of students had been victims of
cyberbullying. This research concludes that cyberbullying appears to be
more prevelant in students as they get older. Wegge et al. (2014) also
noted that 30.8 percent had been victims of traditional bullying.

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The Types of People Who Bully. An important factor when analyzing
cyberbullying is trying to understand the types of people who are the
aggressors. The first thing that needs to be discussed when analyzing this is the
simple matter of gender when it comes to who is generally the aggressor. Slonje
and Smith (2008) found that when it comes to cyberbullying males are more
often than not the aggressors with males being reported as the cyberbully far
more often than females. Slonje et al (2008) also found that 36.2 percent of
students were unaware of the gender of their aggressors. This is intriguing
because for one its is the same percentage as the number of males who bullied,
but most importantly because it shows that over 1 in 3 students don’t actually
know who is bullying them, which adds to the fear and stigma that is related to
cyberbullying and not being able to escape the perpetrators.

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The Types of People Who are Victims. Researchers have also
conducted various studies on the types of people who are
cyberbullied, or what is often referred to as “cybervictomology”.
Abeele and Cock (2013) conducted a study, which concluded that
the gender of victims varied greatly depending on the form of
cyberbullying. Abeele et al. (2013) found that males are more likely
to be on the receiving end of direct cyberbullying while females are
more likely to be the victims of indirect cyberbullying such as online
gossip among peers. These findings appear to remain true to social
social norms where males are viewed as more confrontational and
females are often stereotyped as gossipers.

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The Relationship Between Bully and Victim. The relationship between
aggressor and victim is also something that has been heavily research among
professionals. Beran and Li (2007) conducted a study that involved 432 middle
school students and concluded that just under half of the studnets had been
victims of cyberbullying as well as traditional bullying. This is true across
multiple studies. Wegge et al. (2014) also concluded that people who were
bullied in traditional manners had a much higher likelihood to become victims
of cyberbullying. Another interesting relationship between bully and victim is
that studies have also shown that people who are victims are likely to become
aggressors in the online world. Beran et al. (2007) confirms this by stating,
“students who are bullied through technology are likely to us technology to
bully others”.

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Effects of Cyberbullying. The first part of this literature review
focused on the demographics of the bullies and their victims,
but now we will focus on the lasting effects and the trauma it
brings to the victims as well as the different forms of
cyberbullying. While the platforms used are different the
lasting effects that the bullying has on the victims are very
similar. Faucher et al. (2014) concluded that one of the main
effects that cyberbullies had on university students was that
they were unable to accomplish some of their school
assignments.

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APPLICATION: Write the required citation.

1. “The study on correlation between IQ and EQ, the result is significant.”

Source: Acar, Bryant. Studies in College. New York: McGraw- Hill. 2016. Print. (p 28)

2. “The conclusion of Herdwin study, states that, depression is potentially caused by

emotional deprivation which starts at home.”
Source: Duterte, Rodrigo. Depression Starts at Home. Davao City: Matina
Bookstore.2016.Print. (p 82)

Paraphrase Quote (Incorporated in text) Quote (Not in Text)

MLA

APA

CMS 34
ANSWERS

1. “The study on correlation between IQ and EQ, the result is significant.”

Source: Acar, Bryant. Studies in College. New York: McGraw- Hill. 2016. Print. (p 28)

Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by Acar, IQ and EQ are predominantly related…
APA: As stated by Acar (2016), IQ and EQ are predominantly related…

Quote (Incorporated in text)

MLA: As Acar explained, “the study on correlation…significant” (28).
APA: As Acar explained (2016), “the study on correlation…significant” (p.28).

Quote (Not in Text)

MLA: “The study…significant” (Acar 28).
APA: “The study…significant” (Acar, 2016, p. 28).

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ANSWERS

2. “The conclusion of Herdwin study, states that, depression is potentially caused by

emotional deprivation which starts at home.”
Source: Duterte, Rodrigo. Depression Starts at Home. Davao City: Matina
Bookstore.2016.Print. p.82
Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by Duterte as revealed in Herdwin study, depression is potentially…
APA: As stated by Duterte (2016), as revealed in Herdwin study, depression is potentially…

Quote (Incorporated in text)

MLA: As Duterte explained, “the conclusion of Herdwin study…” (82).
APA: As Duterte explained (2016), “the conclusion of Herdwin study…” (p.82).

Quote (Not in Text)

MLA: “The conclusion… at home” (Duterte 82).
APA: “The study…significant” (Duterte, 2016, p. 82).

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Groupings: Minimum Required Citations & References

1. Theory (1)
2. Sub-Theory (1)
3. Related studies (International 3)
4. Local studies (5)

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 STEC SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT

RUBRIC FOR REVIEW OF LITERATURE/REFERENCES

(Developed by Dr. Bryant C. Acar)

4 3 2 1 Weights Score
CRITERIA Very Good Good Fair Poor

THEORY & Has the Lacking 1 on Lacking 2 on Lacking 3 on

STUDIES perfect any theory or any theory or any theory or X4
reference on studies studies studies
theories and required required required
studies
required
Paraphrasing Perfect 1-3 errors in 4-6 errors in 7-10 errors in X5
paraphrasing paraphrasing paraphrasing paraphrasing
& Quotation
& quotation and Quotations and Quotation and Quotation

FORMAT in Perfect format 1-3 errors 4-6 errors 7-10 errors X8

Citation
Format on Perfect 1-3 errors 4-6 errors 7-10 errors X8
References referencing

TOTAL

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