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Group Theory
Group Theory
2nd postulate - the set of elements of the group contains the identity
element (IA = A)
3rd postulate - for each element A, there is a unique element A' which
is the inverse of A (AA-1 = I)
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Group theory
Group multiplication tables - example: 2/m
1 Aπ m i
1 1 Aπ m i
Aπ Aπ 1 i m
m m i 1 Aπ
i i m Aπ 1
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Group theory
Powers:
A1 A2 A3 A4 ……. I (= A0)
Suppose A = Aπ/2
A0 A1 A2 A3
A4 A5 A6 A7 Cyclical group
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Group theory
Conjugate products:
AB ≠ BA
BA = A-1A(BA) AB = B-1B(AB)
= A-1(AB)A = B-1(BA)B
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Group theory
Conjugate products:
AB ≠ BA
BA = A-1A(BA) AB = B -1B(AB)
= A-1(AB)A = B -1(AB)B
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Group theory
Conjugate elements:
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Group theory
Conjugate elements:
Ex - in point group 322, 2-fold axes 120° apart & 3-fold axis
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Group theory
Invariant elements:
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Group theory
Subgroups:
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Group theory
Subgroups:
Notation:
Group - G subgroup - g
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Group theory
Subgroups:
Notation:
Group - G subgroup - g
Cosets:
g = a1 a2 …. An
r elements of g: a1 a2 ….. ar
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Group theory
Subgroups:
r elements of g: a1 a2 ….. ar
g = a1 a2 ….. ar
g = a1 a2 ….. ar
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qr elements in G q = index of subgroup g
Group theory
Subgroups:
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Group theory
Subgroups:
g = 1 i
B2g = Aπ Aπ i = Aπ m
B3g = m m i = m Aπ
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Group theory
Conjugate subgroups:
Ex:
622 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 {C6} = G
1, C2 = g A = C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2 C2
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Group theory
Conjugate subgroups:
Ex:
622 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 {C6} = G
1, C2 = g A = C2
C2
C2
1, C2 = g C2
complete set 1, C2 = h1
of conjugate 1, C2 = h2 C2
subgroups
1, C2 = h3 C2 C2
1, C2 = h4
1, C2 = h5
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Group theory
Invariant subgroups:
For every B in G
B-1gB = g
gB = Bg
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Group theory
Invariant subgroups:
Ex:
2/m G = 1, C2, m, i
g = 1, C2
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Group theory
Invariant subgroups:
Ex:
2/m G = 1, C2, m, i
g = 1, C2
1 1 1=1
1 C2 1 = C2
m-1 C2 m = C2
i-1 C2 i = C2
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Group theory
Invariant subgroups:
G = g, gB
G = g, Bg
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Group theory
Invariant subgroups:
G = g, gB
G = g, Bg
Ex:
2/m G = 1, C2, m, i g = 1, C2 B=m
G = 1, C2, 1 m, C2 m = 1, C2, m, i
G = 1, C2, m 1, m C2 = 1, C2, m, i
1 m=m 1
m C2 = C2 m
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Group theory
Group products:
g = a1 …. ar
Bg = Ba1 …. Bar
and Bg = gB (g is of order 2)
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Group theory
Group products:
g = a1 …. ar
Bg = Ba1 …. Bar
and Bg = gB (g is of order 2)
ai = Bai B-1ai B = B ai
BB =I since B is of order 2
Bai Baj = ai aj
Identity is in g
Inverses -
an in g
-1
-1
(Ban)-1 = an B-1 = B-1 (an ) = B (an ) in Bg
-1 -1
Therefore
g, Bg is a group
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Group theory
Group products:
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