CHAPTER 4:

personality
PERSONALITY
The sum total traits and characteristics and patterns of
adjustment of an individual that sets him apart or makes him
different from other individuals. It connotes individual differences.
 COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
1. PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS
-these includes general physical appearance like the body size, height,
and etc.

2. CAPACITIES
-mental ability or intelligence, talent, and skills.

3. PSYCHOSOCIAL TRAITS
-refers to the good manners, extroversion and introversion, devotion,
and lifestyle.
COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
4. SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES
-these are honesty, sincerity, keeping of promises and responsibility.

5. TEMPERAMENT
-this is emotional maturity and stability.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Theories explain the development and emergence of these
personality and traits.
A. TYPE THEORIES
1. Physique: Body Types
a. Kretschemer’s classification
1. Asthenic- tall, thin body associated with schizophrenia
or schizothyme temperament, a mental disorder characterized
by splitting of personality.
a. Kretschemer’s classification

2. Pyknic- short, fat body with cyclothymic temperament, a

mild manic-depressive paychosis involving recurring cycles of
exhilaration and depression.
3. Dysplastic- bodily defective and handicapped.
4. Normal- have only mild forms of asthenic and pyknic
characteristics and have bodies and temperaments that are
appropriate and accepted as normal by the majority.
B. SHELDON’S CLASSIFICATION
1. Endomorphic- prominence of the intestines and other visceral
organs, round in body but weak muscles and bones.

2. Mesomorphic- athletic type with strong and rippling muscles,

broad-shouldered and narrow-hipped.

3. Ectomorphic- tall, thin, stoop-shouldered, with delicate sin, fine

hair and sensitive nervous system.
2. TEMPERAMENT TYPES
a. Sheldon’s temperament types are:
1. Viscertonic- predominantly endomorphic, loves to eat,
seeks bodily comfort, and slow in reactions.
2. Somatotonic- predominantly, mesomorphic, energetic,
likes exercise, and loves competitive aggressiveness.
3. Cerebrotonic- predominantly ectomorphic, sensitive and
emotional, worries much, and does not like groups and
loves solitude.
2. TEMPERAMENT TYPES
b. Greek classification usually attributes to Hippocrates
1. Sanguine- warm-hearted, pleasant, quick to react,
balanced emotional excitement. Predominant body fluid is
blood.

2. Melancholic- suffers from depression and sadness,

unpleasant, calm emotion. Predominant body fluid is black
bile.
b. Greek classification usually attributes to Hippocrates

3. Choleric- easily angered and quick to react, easily excited

emotionally. Predominant body fluid is yellow bile.

4. Phlegmatic- listless, slow, apathetic, calm emotion, weak.

Predominant body fluid is the phlegm.
3. BEHAVIOR
a. Introvert- prefers to be alone, shy, withdrawn but may be a
leader in a discussion if his level of intelligence is high.
b. Extrovert- tends to be amidst people, very sociable,
conventional, orthodox, chooses an occupation that deals with
people like sales or promotional work.
c. Ambivert- the normal who is in-between the two extremes of
introversion and extroversion.
B. TRAITS THEORIES
1.Allport’s Personal Dispositions. These are traits that are unique for a
person and this cannot be used in an exact way in comparing one
person with another.
a. Secondary traits- when the traits are so many that are merely express
isolated interests or modes of responding .
b. Central traits- when the traits are too few to describe a person.
c. Cardinal traits- when a person is dominated by a single outstanding
trait that makes him stand out and he becomes a reference personality
whose characteristic we expect others to know.
2. CATTELL’S THEORY OF SURFACE AND
SOURCE TRAITS
A. Surface traits- are found by cluster analysis. They are mostly
learned or acquired values that make man acceptable or not
socially such as honest or dishonest and sociable or shy.
B. Source traits- are found by factor analysis. They are more
innate or inborn such as mental ability, emotional stability, and
introversion-extroversion.
C. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
-deals with continuities that tell what a what he has d person
will do in a given situation by what he has done before in earlier
situations that resemble the present.
1. Psychoanalytic Theory of Development
We undergo a maturational scheme of psychosexual
stages and at each stage, psychosocial crises occur if
successfully met lead to maturity of psychological development,
and if not, it’s otherwise.
C. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
Two forms of personality under this theory:
1. Compulsive personality- excessive cleanliness, orderliness,
obstinacy, and punctuality.
2. Authoritarian personality- highly conventional behavior,
desire for power, and superstition.
2. LEARNING THEORIES
Personality is the result of learning through reward and
punishment. We tend to repeat experiences in the past that
worked for us satisfactorily and avoid those that will disappoint
us.
3. ROLE THEORIES
Describe personality according to the manner in which
individual meets various demands that society makes up in his
role as a child, parent, man, woman, worker, and citizen. Role
behavior depends on the role positions and there are at least five
positions and these are as follows:
a. Age-sex positions- a child should act as a child, a man
should act as man, so do with the woman.
3. ROLE THEORIES
b. Occupational Positions- a farmer develops a farmer
personality, a doctor is a doctor personality, a lawyer is a lawyer
personality.
c. Prestige Positions- a slave has a slave personality, a
millionaire has a millionaire personality, and a President has a
President personality.
d. Family, clan, household- the father is the bread-winner
personality, a child is dependent to the family.
3. ROLE THEORIES
e. Position in groups based on congeniality or common
interest- an orchestra member must act as such, members of a
Lion’s Club acts as a Lion’s club member.
D. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
DYNAMICS
1. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
a. The Id- pleasure principle.
b. The Ego- reality principle.
c. The Superego- this is conscience, the sense of right and
wrong, that works according to the ideal
2. LEWIN’S FIELD THEORY
The individual is embedded in a field called his life space,
which is actually his environment, in which conflicts arise and the
alternatives open to the individual to resolve the conflicts.
E. OVERCOMPENSATION THEORY
This is a theory of Alfred Adler where this is trying to excel in
something to compensate a weakness or deficiency. Children with some
weakness or handicaps develop inferiority complex but when they grow
up they become ambitious and aggressive in a destructive sense and
develop superiority complex.
F. NEED THEORY OF PERSONALITY
1. Karen Horney’s Theory of Personality- a child may resolve
conflicts in a harsh environment in one of three ways:
a. Moving toward people- this is to satisfy the need for love,
affection, and approval of other people so the child or individual
tries hard to please people to win their affection, and approval.
b. Moving against people- this is to satisfy the need for power,
prestige, admiration, financial, and sexual success.
c. Moving away from people- to satisfy the need for
independence and self-sufficiency.
2. ERICH FROMM’S FROM PEOPLE
Man has been isolated from nature and from other men and this
has given rise to five basic needs which if not satisfied would result
in frustration and problems. These five basic needs are:
a. Relatedness- man has lost his nearness to nature and so he
has to relate himself to others based on love and affection.
b. Transcendence- man has submerge his animal nature of greed
so that he becomes cooperative and productive.
c. Rootedness- man has to satisfy his need for belongingness to
a group by brotherly love so he associates himself with other people.
2. ERICH FROMM’S FROM PEOPLE
d. Identity- man needs to feel that he is different from others
and so he tries hard to do or create something that would give an
identity to him.
e. Frame of orientation- man needs an environment that is
stable and with consistent events to be able to understand it.
3. MASLOW’S SELF ACTUALIZATION
THEORY
Man is innately good and self-actualization or achievement in
his goal. To Maslow, a man’s needs are as follows:
a. Biological needs- these needs give comfort to the body,
such as food, clothing, and shelter and some other material
needs. Some people only strive foe these needs.
b. Psychological needs- these are needs for love, affection,
belongingness, safety, and cooperation. These needs push
people to associate with others.
3. MASLOW’S SELF ACTUALIZATION
THEORY
c. Self-actualization needs- these are needs for exceptional
and ideal achievements and creativity. We hear of such
personalities as great scientist like Einstein, a great explorers like
Magellan and Columbus, a great hero like Rizal, and a great
inventor like Edison.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING 

Prepared by:
Jannelle D. Bostrillo and Ecka Mae L. Gabisay
BSED-SCIENCE2