Reproductive System

The Reproductive System

Gonads:
organs that produce gametes and hormones
Ducts:
receive and transport gametes
Accessory glands:
secrete fluids into ducts
Perineal structures:
collectively known as external genitalia
The Female Reproductive
System
Produces sex hormones and functional
gametes

Protects and supports developing

embryo

Nourishes newborn infant

Ovaries

The functions :
Production of
immature female
gametes
(oocytes)
Secretion of
female sex
hormones
(estrogens,
progestins)
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

Fallopian tubes or
oviducts

Are hollow, muscular

tubes about 13 cm long

Transport oocyte from

ovary to uterus
Three Segments of the Uterine
Tube
1. Infundibulum:
an expanded funnel near ovary
fimbriae – fingerlike processes
surrounding entrance to uterine
tube
Inner surfaces lined with cilia:
beat toward middle segment
2. Ampulla:
middle segment
smooth muscle layers in wall
become thicker approaching
uterus
3. Isthmus:
a short segment between ampulla
and uterine wall
Functions of the Uterine Tubes
Involves:
ciliary movement
peristaltic contractions in walls of uterine tube
From infundibulum to uterine cavity:
normally takes 3–4 days
For fertilization to occur:
secondary oocyte must meet spermatozoa during
first 12–24 hours
Fertilization typically occurs:
near boundary between ampulla and isthmus
 Provides for
developing embryo
Uterus (weeks 1–8) and fetus
(week 9 through
delivery):
1. mechanical protection
2. nutritional support
3. waste removal
Regions of the Uterus
1. Body
Also called corpus
Is largest portion of uterus
Ends at isthmus
2. Fundus
Is rounded portion of uterine body:
superior to attachment of uterine
tubes
3. Cervix
Is inferior portion of uterus
Extends from isthmus to vagina
Distal end projects about 1.25 cm
into vagina
Vagina
Is an elastic, muscular tube
Extends between cervix and
vestibule
7.5–9 cm long
Highly distensible
Cervix
projects into vaginal canal
Fornix
is shallow recess surrounding cervical
protrusion
Lies parallel to:
rectum,
rectum posteriorly
urethra,
urethra anteriorly
Functions of the Vagina

1. Passageway for elimination of

menstrual fluids
2. Receives spermatozoa during sexual
intercourse
3. Forms inferior portion of birth canal
The Female External Genitalia
Mons Pubis and Labia
Majora
Form outer limits of vulva:
protect and cover inner
structures
contain adipose tissue
Sebaceous glands and
apocrine sweat glands:
secrete onto inner surface
of labia majora
The Female External Genitalia

Labia Minora
Small folds
Covered with smooth, hairless skin
Clitoris
A small protruberance in vestibule
Has same embryonic structures as penis
Extensions of labia minora:
form prepuce or hood
The Female External Genitalia

Vestibule
Is a central space bounded by the labia
minora
Glands
Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands :discharge
into urethra near external opening
Vestibularis (Bartholin’s) glands :
discharge into vagina opening
Mammary Glands - Breast
Lie in pectoral fat pads deep to
skin of chest
Modified apocrine sweat glands
15 to 20 lobes divided by
connective tissue
Radial arrangement around nipple
Nipple on each breast
contains ducts from mammary
glands to surface
Areola
reddish-brown skin around each
nipple
 HORMON  SENYAWA ORGANIK YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH KELENJAR
ENDOKRIN, YANG BEKERJA PADA DAN MEMPENGARUHI
JARINGAN / ORGAN SASARAN

TEMPAT KERJA HORMON :

JARINGAN SASARAN / TARGET ORGAN

1. AUTOCRINE TISSUE
 . H. TESTOSTERON; H. OESTROGEN
2. PARACRINE TISSUE
PERLU RESEPTOR / MEDIATOR

17
RESEPTOR : • TEMPAT MELEKATNYA HORMON DI
ORGAN SASARAN
• STRUKTUR BERUPA PROTEIN
• JUMLAH dan KEPEKAAN RESEPTOR
MEMPENGARUHI AKTIVITAS HORMON
• BEBERAPA HORMON ADA YANG MEM-
PUNYAI LEBIH DARI SATU MACAM RE -
SEPTOR

18
KLASIFIKASI HORMON :
BERDASARKAN RESEPTOR dan MEDIATOR PADA ORGAN
SASARAN
1. YANG RESEPTORNYA ADA DIDALAM SEL :
H. STEROID; H. TIROID dan KALSITRIOL
2. YANG RESEPTORNYA ADA DI PERMUKAAN SEL :
II.1. DENGAN MEDIATOR c-AMP :
-. H. ADENOHIPOFISE -. H. HIPOFISE POSTERIOR
-. MSH; dan sebagainya
II.2. DENGAN MEDIATOR Ca++ / FOSFATIDIL INOSITOL ATAU
KEDUANYA : ASETIL KOLIN, GASTRIN, VASOPRESIN, ADH
OKSITOSIN.
II.3. DENGAN MEDIATOR KINASE atau FOSFAT :
GROWTH HORMON, PROLAKTIN, INSULIN
MEDIATORNYA disebut juga sebagai SECOND MESSENGER
HORMONNYA disebut FIRST MESSENGER 19
MEKANISME KERJA HORMON :

KELOMPOK I : HORMON DALAM SEL IKATAN

DENGAN RESEPTOR KOMPLEKS H-R
AKTIVASI IKATAN DENGAN GENE
atau DNA HRE SINTESA PROTEIN
atau TRANSKRIPSI
KELOMPOK II : HORMON MENEMPEL & BERIKATAN
DENGAN RESEPTOR MEDIATOR :
cAMP, Fosfatidil Inositol, Ca++
FUNGSI FISIOLOGIS JARINGAN SASARAN

20
 HORMON HIPOFISE

1. LOBUS / PARS ANTERIOR = ADENOHIPOFISE :

- GH - FSH - LH
- TSH - ACTH - LTH
2. LOBUS / PARS INTERMEDIA : MSH

3. LOBUS / PARS POSTERIOR = NEUROHIPOFISE :

- OKSITOSIN
- VASOPRESIN = ADH
22
PROLACTIN ACTIONS

LACTATION
LUTEOTROPIC HORMONE

OVERSECRETION OF PROLACTIN

AMENORHOE
GALACTORHOE
GYNECOMASTY
IMPOTENCE
GONADOTROPIN (FSH, LH)

RESPONSIBLE FOR GAMETOGENESIS STEROIDOGENESIS

IN THE GONAD
FSH
TARGET : OVARIUM : FOLLICULAR CELLS
TESTES : SERTOLI CELLS
LH
TARGET : CORPUS LUTEUM, PRODUCE PROGRESTERON
LEYDIG CELLS, PRODUCE TESTOSTERON
Hormones produced within
uterus
human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG):
• it is secreted by trophoblast and can be
detected in serum 8-10 days after
conception (RIA).
• there is high level of circulating HCG in
early pregnancy
• to support corpus luteum secretion of
oestrogen and progesterone in the first
trimester until the placenta becomes able
to produce these hormone.
• the peak level normally occur in the 12th
 constant level of HCG in late
pregnancy is useful in:
controlling placental secretion of
Estrogen progesterone.
suppressing maternal immune system
against fetus.
the human chorionic gonadotrophine
normally disappear from urine 7-10
days after delivery of placenta.
human placental lactogen

it is secreted by syncytotrophoblast.
It is level increase when the level of HCG
start to drop .
HPL has no effect on fetus.
HPL effect on :

1-the breast:
o mammary growth during pregnancy.
o produce of colostrums.
o milk production lactation.
2-proteins:
o HPL stimulate protein synthesis at cellular
level.
3-carbohydrate:
o stimulate insuline secretion .
o inhibit insulin action.
4-fat:
HPL mobilize fat from body store
(lypolysis) lead to increase maternal blood
glucose and maternal tissue can not utilze
the glucose so the glucose will be available
for fetus.
Estrogen

it is produce by corpus luteum in early

pregnancy.
it is produce by placenta in late pregnancy.

role of estrogen:
 On connective tissue: estrogen leads to
polymerization of mucopoly saccarides of
the ground substance leads to loose
connective tissue mainly in the cervix.
 On the protein: estrogen stimulate directly
RNA synthesis lead to protein synthesis.
progesterone

it is production same as estrogen.

it has effect on smooth muscle leads
to decrease muscle excitability leads
to muscle relaxation mainly in uterus.