Part 1: History of Independence

Movement

By:
Rohaizan Baharuddin
Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus
 Presentation Outline
1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdom
a) Administration and traditional
Malay social-economy
1.2 Colonization Era
a) Factors that lead to British &
Japanese Intervention
- Strategic Location
- Natural Resources
b) Reaction from the locals
c) Impacts of Colonization
1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdom
 Kingdom Yr Location Influence Importance Relation

Funan 1 Present Old Kedah

Kampuchea Hindu
(Kg. Sg.
Emas, Peng.
Bujang
Langkasuka, Pattani 2 Hinduism - Trade centre
Buddhism - Merong Mahawangsa History
Tun-Sun, Segenting Kra 3 Hinduism - Trade Centre
- Indian ruling system
Old Kedah 5 Hinduism - Strategic location
Buddhism - Entreport
- Monarchy
Gangga Negara, Perak 5 - Port and trade centres
Chih-Tu, Kelantan 6 Buddhism - Indian ruling system China
Tan-Tan, Terengganu 6 - Indian ruling system China

Srivijaya, Sumatera 7 - Trade centre India

- Centre of Buddhism and Sanskrit China
- Owned several vassal states

Mataram, Jaya 8 Hinduism

Majapahit, Jawa 13 Trade centre China,
Owned several vassal states India
M. East
 Malacca
Sultanate/Kingdom
i) Its name
ii) Factors that lead to its
Golden Age
- Geography
- Economy
- Politics and administration
iii) Factors that lead to its fall
- Economy
- Politics
•i) AIts name
tree name of Melaka
• Arabic word – Malakat means
market
 Malacca
Sultanate/Kingdom
i) Its name
ii) Factors that lead to its
Golden Age
- Geography
- Economy
- Politics and administration
iii) Factors that lead to its fall
- Economy
- Politics
i)Factors thatwhere
= Land lead to
theitswinds
Golden
Age meet
- =Geography
Crossroad of Chinese,
Indian and Arabian trade
routes
 Malacca
Sultanate/Kingdom
i) Its name
ii) Factors that lead to its
Golden Age
- Geography
- Economy
- Politics and administration
iii) Factors that lead to its fall
- Economy
- Politics
i) Factors that lead to its
Golden Age

= International trading port

= Reasonable taxation system
= The use of standard
currency in trading – pitis
- Economy
 Malacca
Sultanate/Kingdom
i) Its name
ii) Factors that lead to its Golden
Age
- Geography
- Economy
- Politics and administration
iii) Factors that lead to its fall
- Economy
- Politics
i) Factors that lead to its
Golden Age

= Centre of spreading Islam

= Malays Language as Lingua
Franca
= Expansion of its Empire
Building
= Diplomatic relations
- =Politics andofadministration
Maintenance law and order
= Systematic and efficient
administration
Malacca Administrative
System
Malacca Administrative
System (cont.)
King /
Sultan
Malacca Administrative
System
Malacca Administrative
System

1) Bendahara
Innerin a Malay government
•an earliest Malay senior position
Council of 4
•the highest ranking official
•Duty most in administrative
•appointed by a sultan and is not a genetic post
•Duty as Commander of the army
•Chief administrator of justice;
•Leading figure at all court
•Before become Bendahara, must hold position as
Penghulu Bendahari and Temenggung
•the most well known Bendahara - Tun Perak
•The position is similar Prime Minister
 Malacca Administrative
System
Inner
Council of 4

2) Penghulu Bendahari
•Chief of official ceremony
•Duty as secretary of government and
treasurer
•have power over all states revenue &
customs officers
•Responsible for the ruler’s royal servants
and clerks.
 Malacca Administrative
System
Inner
Council of 4

3) Temenggung
• chief of a police department
• chief of public security.
• responsible for the safety of the ruler, the
state police and army.
• Duty as in-charge of internal peace,
security of state, police and acted as
Chief Magistrate in the city
• To make sure maintain law and order
• Responsible in built prisons, arresting
criminals and carrying out executions
Malacca Administrative
System
Inner
Council of 4

4) Laksamana
• As a King at the sea
• a position within the armed forces of the
ancient Malaccan Sultanate.
• in charge for the sea security of the
Sultanate
• To make sure the coast is clear from
pirates and foreign enemies
• The most popular Laksamana- Hang
Tuah.
Malacca Administrative
System
 Malacca
Sultanate/Kingdom
i) Its name
ii) Factors that lead to its Golden
Age
- Geography
- Economy
- Politics and administration
iii) Factors that lead to its fall
- Economy
- Politics
 = High tax in trading

= No genius leaders after the

death of Tun Perak
= Corrupted and weak
administration
= Thethat
iii)Factors society areto
lead notitsunited
fall
- =Economy
Attacked from Portuguese
in 1511
- Politics
 Presentation Outline
1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdom
a) Administration and traditional
Malay social-economy
1.2 Colonization Era
a) Factors that lead to British &
Japanese Intervention
- Strategic Location
- Natural Resources
b) Reaction from the locals
c) Impacts of Colonization
Social
•They have a high spirit of relationship, very cultural
a) Administration
community, soft spoken, humble,andreligious
traditional
education
•They areMalay social-economy
easily adoptable to other culture-
wedding ceremony (Indian ceremony)

Economy
•In Economy sector can divide into 2 areas :-
A) Those who stay in the rural areas;
Activities: traditional agriculture i.e.
paddy plantation, fishing, native crafts

B) Those who stay in the port area :

Activities: traders , king’s servant
 Presentation Outline
1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdom
a) Administration and traditional
Malay social-economy
1.2 Colonization Era
a) Factors that lead to British &
Japanese Intervention
- Strategic Location
- Natural Resources
b) Reaction from the locals
c) Impacts of Colonization
Definition
i) Colonialism
“maintenance of dominance” over
an extended period of time”
1.2 Colonization Era
ii) Imperialism
“powerful nation (that)….influence
weaker nations”
1.2 Colonization Era
Colonizers Colonization Total Years
Period
Portuguese 1511 – 1641 130 years

Dutch 1641 – 1824 183 years

British 1824 - 1942 130 years

1945 – 1957
Siamese 1821 – 1909 88 years

Japanese 1942 - 1945 3 years

 Portuguese Colonization
(1511-1641, 130 years)
• Colonized Malacca 1511
• Lead by Alfonso de Albuquerque
• The Portuguese colonization brought
downfall of the Malay Kingdom of
Malacca
• Objectives: 3Gs - Gold, Glory, Gospel

Reasons of colonization in Malacca: -

- Control the maritime trade in the East
- Spread Christianity
 Portuguese Colonization
(cont.)
• Asked 6-10% value of goods from
ships sailed through Malacca
• Force traders to sell trade cheaply
& sold back to the others
expensively.
• Led to the start of another
kingdom – the Johor-Riau Malay
Kingdom
• Effort to expand their influence to
the other Malay states was failed
• Influence only limited in Melaka
 Portuguese Colonization
(cont.)
Landmarks
i)The existence of Portuguese
Eurasian
II) Introduction of Roman Alphabets
iii)Adoption of Portuguese words in
Malay languages
e.g. palsu, almari, jendela
v) Historical Building (A Famosa)
 Dutch Colonization
(1641-1824, 183 years)
• Started the trading in Malay archipelago
beginning of 17th century
• Colonized Malacca with help from Johor–
Riau Kingdom ( Sultan Abdul Jalil in 1641).
• Sign agreement in Johore to allow free
trade.
• Reasons:
- Control spice & tin monopoly in Melaka
• Centre of activity at Batavia – (now known
as Jakarta) in the island of Jawa.
 Dutch Colonization (cont.)
• Monopolizing the price of tin – Malay
rulers was not happy – launch attacks on
Dutch
• Was opposed by the Malays who
frequently received help from the Bugis.
• Left Malacca after an agreement with
British in 1824 – to avoid any conflict
(lead war)
• British took over Malacca & Dutch took
over Indonesia
• Did not have much impact on the
country.
• Influenced only limited in Melaka
 British Colonization
(1824 - 1942 & 1945 – 1957,
130 years)
• Colonized the whole of Peninsula
Malaysia for 130 years
• 2 phases:
a) 1st phase:- 1824 – 1942
b) 2nd phase:- 1945 – 1957
 British Colonization (cont.)
The Chronology of British Colonization
1786 – Penang Island was founded by
Francis Light
1824 – The Dutch handed over Malacca to
the British as a result of the Anglo-
Dutch Treaty
1826 – Penang Island, Malacca and
Singapore were combined into 1
administrative unit known as the
Straits Settlements
1841 – James Brooke took over Sarawak
1874 – British intervention in Perak, through
the Pangkor Agreement
 British Colonization (cont.)
1874 – British intervention in Sungai Ujong
1909 – Under the Bangkok Agreement, Siam
handed over Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan
and Terengganu to the British (these
are the Un-federated Malay States)
1914 – Johor accept a British advisor
1945 – The British Military Administration
(BMA) was established
1946 – The Malayan Union was established in
Peninsula Malaya
1948 – The Federation of Malaya was
established to replaced the Malayan
Union
1957 – Malaya achieved independence
 British Colonization (cont.)
1) Acquisition of Penang Island and Singapore

2) Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 17th March 1824

- Malay archipelago was divided into 2 -
Melayu – Riau Kingdom was divided
3) Straits Settlements

4) Intervention in Malay States, Sabah, Sarawak

 British Colonization (cont.)
5) Federated Malay States, 1895
- Selangor, Pahang, Perak, Negeri
Sembilan
- Durbar Conference
6) Federated Malay State Treaty

7) Federal Executive Council, 1909

- Improve on the strength of British
Administration
 British Colonization (cont.)
8) Non-federated Malay States

9) Decentralization of Power
- World Economic Crisis 1925 lead to the
proposal of decentralization policy
Siamese Colonization (1801-
1909, 88 years)
• Colonized some of the Malay States-
officially in 1821
• Influence was on the religion and arts
 Japanese Colonization
(1942-1945, 3 years)
• British defeat at the hands of the
Japanese on February 1942.
• Malaya was called Malai Baru
• Effects of Japanese occupation – caused
misunderstanding between different
ethnic groups in the country.
• Japanese was defeated in 1945 and the
British returned to resume their rule.
 Presentation Outline
1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdom
a) Administration and traditional
Malay social-economy
1.2 Colonization Era
a) Factors that lead to British &
Japanese Intervention
- Strategic Location
- Natural Resources
b) Reaction from the locals
c) Impacts of Colonization
a) Factors that lead to British &
Japanese Intervention
 Factors for
colonization

Natural resources (tin Spreading Christianity

& rubber)

Cheap labour
Land for plantation – especially
rubber tree

Strategic Location

Trading – spices,
merchandise etc
 Presentation Outline
1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdom
a) Administration and traditional
Malay social-economy
1.2 Colonization Era
a) Factors that lead to British &
Japanese Intervention
- Strategic Location
- Natural Resources
b) Reaction from the locals
c) Impacts of Colonization
b) Reaction from the locals
 Presentation Outline
1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdom
a) Administration and traditional
Malay social-economy
1.2 Colonization Era
a) Factors that lead to British &
Japanese Intervention
- Strategic Location
- Natural Resources
b) Reaction from the locals
c) Impacts of Colonization
Impact of British Colonization (1824-1957)
a) Political
i) Malay archipelago was divided into 2 -
British: from the north part of S’pore and
above
- Dutch: from the south part of S’pore
ii) Malaysia was divided into 5 political units
- The Straits Settlement
- The Federated Malay States
- The Unfederated Malay States
- Sabah
- Sarawak

c) Impacts of Colonization
C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.)
iii) Introduction of Westminter system of
Government
- E.g, Parliamentary democracy
iv) Adoption of some English legal system
v) Become a member of Commonwealth
Association
C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.)
b) Economy
i) System of transportation
- Before British intervention, river
played an important role in the
development of the country’s economy,
politics and social.
I) Roads
- Network of roads were built to
transport goods
II) Railway
- The development of railway
contributed mostly to the fast
development of tin mining activities
C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.)

ii) Post, Telephone and Telegraph

- 1st post office was built in the Straits of
Settlements
- Telegraph: to improve the efficiency of
the administration
- Telephone – 1st used in the Straits of
Settlements
iii) Urbanization / New Cities
- Developed due to trade and mining
activities and communication system.
iv) Modern Agriculture
- British introduced rubber and palm oil
around 1900-1920s
C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.)
C) Social
i) Education
- Vernacular system of education
- Based on the important race
- School base on the races
ii) Multi Racial Society
- e.g; Malay, Chinese, Indian
- Main race in Malaysia was the Malays
- Opening of tin mining, sugar cane and
rubber plantations by the British
contributed the influx of immigrants
in Malaysia such as the Chinese and
the Indians
C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.)
d) Historical Buildings
i) KTM Berhad
ii) Sultan Abdul Samad Building
iii) Royal Club Selangor
c) Impacts of Colonization
Impact of Japanese Colonization (1942-1945)
a)Social
- ill treatment – forced labor for Dead
Railway
- Squatters – Chinese run away to
outskirt of jungle
- Ethnic conflict between the Malays and
Chinese
- Japanese education
C) Impacts of Japanese Colonization (cont.)
b) Economy
- Economy collapse
- Tin and rubber can’t be continued
- Economy and standard of living drop
- High Inflation
- Trades with outside world were stopped
c) Political
- “Asia for Asians”
- Believe on Self-Government
- Malay nationalism
Thank You