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Steam Turbine Design
Steam Turbine Design
Impulse Turbine
Impulse steam turbine stage consists as usual
from stator which known as the nozzle and
rotor or moving blades
Impulse turbine are characterized by the that
most or all enthalpy and hence pressure drop
occurs in the nozzle.
The rotor blades can be recognized by their
shape, which is symmetrical and have
entrance and exit angles around 20o. They
are short and have constant cross sections.
Single Stage Impulse Turbine
IMPLUSE STAGE
It is usually called De-Laval turbine
The steam is fed through one or Nozzles Blades
several convergent-divergent
nozzles
The nozzles do not extend
completely around the
circumference of the rotor, so that
only part of the blades are impinged
upon by the steam.
Pressure drop occurs in the nozzle
and not in the blades.
Maximum velocity and hence kinetic
energy of the steam occurs at the
nozzle exit
Pressure
Velocity change occurs in the rotor
Velocity
blades where the steam gives up its
energy to the rotor blades.
Compounded Steam Turbines
Compounded steam turbine means multistage
turbine.
Compounding is needed when large enthalpy drop is
available.
Since optimum blade speed is related to the exit
nozzle speed. It will be higher as the enthalpy drop
is higher.
The blade speed is limited by the centrifugal force as
well as needs of bulky reduction gear
Compounding can be achieved either by velocity
compounded turbine or pressure compounded
turbine.
Velocity Compounded Impulse
Turbine
The velocity compounded turbine was first
proposed by C.G Curtis.
It is composed of one stage of nozzles, as the
single stage turbine, followed by two rows of
moving blades instead of one.
These two rows are separated by one row of
fixed blades which has the function of
redirecting the steam leaving the first row of
the moving blades to the second row of
moving blades.
Velocity Compounded Impulse
Turbine (Contd.)
Velocity Compounded Impulse
Turbine (Contd.)
In Curtis turbine steam leaving the nozzle is utilized
in both rows of moving blades instead of single raw
as in the de-Laval turbine.
The velocity remain almost constant across the fixed
blades.
Using an analysis similar to that used for the single
stage , The work of the Curtis turbine is as follows:
o
m
wo { Vs21 Vs22 Vr22 Vr21 Vs23 Vs24 Vr24 Vr23 }
2
First Row Second Row
Velocity Compounded Impulse
Turbine (Contd.)
Due to friction effect inlet and exist
velocities for different rows are related as
follows:
Vr 2
Vr 2 Vr1 kv1
Vr1
Vs 3
Vs 3 Vs 2 kv 2
Vs 2
Vr 4
Vr 4 Vr 3 kv3
Vr 3
Velocity Compounded Impulse
Turbine (Contd.)
Although the Curtis stage is
composed of two rows of moving
blades, a velocity compounded
turbine can be composed of any
number of such rows.
All these rows are sharing in the
same kinetic energy of the
incoming steam.
These stages are usually built with
successively increasing blade
angles such that they become
flatter and thinner blades toward
the last row.
Expression for the optimum speed
is as follows:
htot
Vs1 Vs 2 ... 2
n
Where n is the number of stages
This equal enthalpy drop does not mean equal pressure drop
Pressure Compounding
Impulse Turbine (Contd.)
Not equal pressure drop per stage No pressure drop per stage
Low friction losses due to reduced steam High friction losses due to high velocities
velocity
Recommended for multistage Not recommended for more than two
stages
Larger steam leak No problem with steam leak
Suitable for large turbines Suitable for small turbines as well as only
for the first stage in large turbine
Advantages of Impulse
Turbines
No pressure drop in moving blades
low steam thrust
low leakage losses at blade extremities and shaft
ends
Low consumption of spare parts
spare parts unnecessary for stationary and mobile
blades
Compact design
High operation flexibility
Reaction Principle
Reaction effect results from issuing a fluid at very high
velocity from a nozzle. This results in a reaction which
moves the nozzle in the opposite direction.
F mV o
Vr22 Vr21
hrotor 1
2
Vs23 Vs22
hstator
2
Vr24 Vr23
hrotor 2
2
F m Vs1Cos1 VB Vr 2Cos
o
P m VB Vs1Cos1 VB Vr 2Cos
o
o
m
P Vs21 Vs22 Vr22 Vr21
2
o
m
P hstat hrotor
2
Optimum Blade Velocity for Reaction
Turbine
For the case of similar fixed and moving
blades θ=γ
Vr 2Cos Vs1Cos
P m oVB 2Vs1Cos VB
dP
m o 2Vs1Cos 2VB 0
dVB
VB Vs1Cos
Pmax m Vs1Cos m oVB2
o 2
Efficiency of the Reaction Turbine
The efficiency of the reaction
turbine depends of the
efficiency of the fixed and the
moving blades.
Vs21 Vso2 ho h1
stat
2hstat ,s ho h1,s
P P
rotor
Vs21 V 2
hrotor ,s m o s1 h1 h2 s
o
m
2 2
P
stage o
m ho h2 ss
Efficiency of the Reaction Turbine
(Contd.)
It is clear that the reaction turbine is an efficient machine
ho h1s h1 h2 s ho h2 ss
This can be explain in the light of the steam velocity where for
the same VB, where:
VB Vs1Cos for Re action
Vs1Cos
VB for Im pulse
2
1
Vs1R Vs1I
2
Disadvantages of Reaction
Turbine
The main disadvantage of the reaction
turbine that it is not suitable for large
pressure drop, where ΔP/Δh is high at high
pressure, and consequently high potential of
steam leak.
The usual design for large turbine at high
boiler conditions is to make the first stage of
impulse time (velocity compounding) to
reduce the pressure and then continue with
reaction stages.
Axial Thrust
The turbine rotor is subjected to axial thrust due to the pressure drop
as well as the change in the axial momentum.
Faxial m o Vr1 sin Vr 2 sin
For impulse turbine and since there is no pressure drop in the rotor
blades, the axial thrust is minimum.
(Vr1≈Vr2 & Φ=γ).
In the reaction turbines the effect of pressure drop is added to the
thrust force.
A technique to reduce the thrust force is the use of double flow steam
turbine. This technique has the following advantages:
Steam In
Dm
VB ND
Providing that Vs and θ do not change while Φ increases and γ decreases
with height due to the increase in VB. This means that the blade will have a
twisted shape.
This makes the degree of reaction changes along the blade height (impulse
at the base and maximum reaction at the top
The blade is designed for optimum conditions at the midpoint.