MASS TRANSFER LAB

PRESENTATION
BY-SHUBHAM SACHAN
RAJDEEP SINGH
SHASHWAT TIWARI
SAHIL YADAV
EXPERIMENT 1 WATER COOLING TOWER
AIM:

• To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient in a forced

draft counter current cooling tower. To measure Tower
Characteristic parameter KV/L for various liquid and air flow rates
(L/G) in a counter-current Forced draft Cooling Tower.

INTRODUCTION:
• Water from condensers and heat exchangers is usually cooled by an air stream
in spray ponds or in Cooling Towers using natural draft or forced flow of the air.
Mechanical draft towers are of the forced draft type, where the air is blown
into the tower by a fan at the bottom. The forced draft materially reduces the
effectiveness of the cooling.
 THEORY :

• Water may be cooled by the air as long as its temperature is

above the wet bulb temperature of the entering air. Markel’s
theory is used which is based on enthalpy potential
difference as the driving force.
• For heat transfer operation: Each particle of water is
assumed to be surrounded by a film of air and the enthalpy
difference between the film and the surrounding air provides
the driving force for the cooling process. Assume that liquid
is warmer than gas.
• For mass transfer operation: Each particle of water is
assumed to be surrounded by a film of air and the enthalpy
difference between the film and the surrounding air provides
the driving force for the cooling process.
DESCRIPTION :

• The apparatus is provided for the process of Forced draft

countercurrent cooling of hot water using air. The water to be cooled
is heated in a heating tank using a heater.It is then circulated; through
a rotameter; to the top of the cooling tower mounted over the heating
tank. Cooled water is then re-circulated to the heating tank. A blower
is provided for the cooling air. A valve is provided in airline to regulate
the flow rate of air. There is an Orificemeter mounted with its taps
connected to a manometer to find the flow rate of air. A set of two
temperature sensors is provided at both inlet and outlet of air stream.
These sensors gives Dry bulb & Wet bulb air temperatures. The cooling
tower is packed with Aluminium expanded wire mesh.
EXPERIMENT 2 ASTM DISTILLATION
AIM:

• The aim of this experiment is determination of boiling range

characteristics of petroleum product by using ASTM distillation.
ASTM Distillation is a standard Test Method for Distillation of
Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure.

Working Principle :
• It is based on the principle of differential or simple distillation. A batch of liquid
is charged to a still fitted with some sort of heating device. The charge is boiled
slowly and the vapors are withdrawn as rapidly as they form to a condenser
where they are liquified and the condensate is collected in the receiver.
 THEORY :

• Distillation is the method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon the
distribution of the substances between a gas and a liquid phase.Distillation may be done in two
ways :
1. Production of vapor by boiling the liquid mixture to be seperated and condensing the vapor
without allowing any to return to the still, there is no reflux.
2. Returning a part of condensate to the still under such conditions that this returning liquid is
brought into intimate contact with on their way to condenser.
• The distillation column consists of several trays, which allow the simultaneous travel of liquid down
the tray and vapor up the tray, allowing mixing of the two phases and therefore equilibrium.
• The liquid mixture that is to be processed is known as the feed. The feed-tray divides the column
into a top (enriching or rectifcation) section and a bottom (stripping) section.
• The vapor moves up the column, and as it exits the top of the unit, it is cooled by a condenser. The
condensed liquid is stored in a holding vessel known as the reflux drum.Some of this liquid is
recycled back to the top of the column and this is called the reflux.
• The condensed liquid that is removed from the system is known as the top product or distillate.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :

1. The distillation flask is filled with 100 ml of sample.

2. Water in the cooling bath is replaced and cleaned properly for effective cooling.Ice is placed in the
cooling bath for removal of heat produced.
3. The distillation flash and the receiving cylinder are fitted to the input and output of the cooling bath by
connecting pipe. Thermometer is inserted to distillation flask.
4. To reduce evaporation loss due to leakage, the various joints in the arrangement (such as distillation
lfask - connection pipe and cooling bath output - receiving cylinder) are sealed properly using some
paper.
5. After all arrangements are completed, heater is switched on and heat is supplied at constant and
standard rate for proper vaporization.
6. The temperature is noted when first drop of liquid condensed is received at the receiving cylinder.After
that temperature for each 5 ml rise in volume of distillate is noted.
7. Final boiling point temperature is noted when no further liquid is received at the cylinder,though heat
is supplied at the same rate. Then we stop heating and final volume is recorded.
8. The residue is cooled,and measured using a measuring cylinder. Thus subtracting from total volume to
volume distillate we get the loss.
EXPERIMENT 3 MASS TRANSFER WITH OR
WITHOUT CHEMICAL REACTION
AIM:
• To Study the dissolution of benzoic acid in aqueous NaOH solution.
• To Compare the observed enhancement factor for mass transfer with those predicted by
film and boundary layer model.
• Mass transfer with chemical reaction (solid - liquid system) : Dissolution of benzoic acid in
aqueous NaOH solution.

INTRODUCTION:
• Water from condensers and heat exchangers is usually cooled by an air stream
in spray ponds or in Cooling Towers using natural draft or forced flow of the air.
Mechanical draft towers are of the forced draft type, where the air is blown
into the tower by a fan at the bottom. The forced draft materially reduces the
effectiveness of the cooling.
 INTRODUCTION :

• Solid-liquid mass transfer plays an important role in some industrial operations.The dissolution
may occur with or without chemical reaction.In case dissolution is accompanied by solid-liquid
reaction ,it is desirable to know the enhancement in the rate of mass transfer due to simultaneous
reaction and compare it with the enhancement predicted on the basis of the film and the boundary
layer models.Here the system under study is dissolution of benzoic acid in aqueous NaOH
solution.The dissolution of a solid in a solution accompanied with instantaneous chemical reaction
can be expressed as :
• A + nBB => Product

• Where A is the solid and B is the liquid phase reactant. Assuming the reaction to be instantaneous
so that Aand B don’t co-exist. The mechanism of solid dissolution involves :dissolution of A in
liquid followed by its reaction with species B diffusing from the bulk liquid phase at a reaction
plane.If the film model is applied to this situation, the enhancement factor, φ defined as the ratio
of the solid liquid mass transfer coefficient with reaction kr to the mass transfer coefficient without
reaction k given by
• And for boundary layer model it is :
 SETUP DESCRIPTION :

• The setup consists of a cylinder of benzoic acid mounted on a

SS rod and with a D.C. motor. The operational range of
rotation is between 10 to 30 rpm. The cylinder is immersed
in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide of known
concentration in a 500 ml vessel filled to two-third its
capacity. The position of the benzoic cylinder is so adjusted
that the liquid level rises above the top surface by about the
top surface by about 3 cm. The dimensions of the benzoic
acid may be fixed at diameter 2 or 3 cm, length 5 to 7 cm.
the cylinder can be prepared by pouring molten benzoic acid
in the mould of desired dimensions with 4 to 5 mm SS rod
located in the center of the mould in a vertical position .
EXPERIMENT 4 Binary Vapor Liquid
Equilibrium
INTRODUCTION:
• Equilibrium is a static condition in which no changes occur in the macroscopic properties of a
system with time.Vapor liquid Equilibrium is a condition where a liquid and its vapor are in
equilibrium with each other, a condition or state where the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate
of condensation one a molecular level such that there is no overall vapor liquid inter-conversion.

• In theory equilibrium takes forever to reach, such an equilibrium is practically reached in a

relatively closed location if a liquid and its vapor are allowed to stand in contact with each other
long enough with no interference or only gradual interference from the outside.

• Relative volatility ( a ) is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid
mixture of chemicals. When the volatilities of both key components are equal, a = 1 and separation
would be impossible under the given conditions because the compositions of the liquid and the
vapor phase are the same (azeotrope).As the value of a increases above 1, separation becomes
progressively easier.
 VLE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The setup consists of a round bottom flask,a condenser,a thermocouple ,two water streams,a heater
and a conical flask.
A mixture of benzene and toluene is prepared and put into the flask. Then the power is supplied and
the mixture begins to boil.
After some time equilibrium is reached, this is marked by steady temperature in both the phases.
Samples of condensed vapor and liquid are taken. To calculate the composition we need to measure
the refractive index of the sample.
In an experiment since vapor and liquid composition changes dynamically we need to measure until
they reach vapor liquid equilibrium. For such a measurement, physical properties (such as refractive
index) can be explored and related to the composition of a liquid.
Now we first prepare a calibration chart that depicts the variation of refractive index with composition
 PROCEDURE:
• PROCEDURE :
• Cleaning the Setup : The setup is cleaned to start a
new Experiment.
• Mixing in given ratios : A mixture of benzene and
toluene is prepared and put into the flask.
• Power is Supplied : Then the power is supplied and
the mixture begins to boil.
• Equilibrium is Reached: After some time equilibrium
is reached, this is marked by steady temperature in
both the phases.
• Measuring RI : Samples of condensed vapor and
liquid are taken. To calculate the composition we
need to measure the refractive index of the sample
and look into the chart.
EXPERIMENT 5 DESIGN OF BINARY
DISTILLATION COLUMN
INTRODUCTION:

• The distillation column consists of several trays, which allow the simultaneous travel
of liquid down the tray and vapor up the tray, allowing mixing of the two phases and
therefore equilibrium.
• The liquid mixture that is to be processed is known as the feed. The feed-tray
divides the column into a top (enriching or rectifcation) section and a bottom
(stripping) section.
• The vapour moves up the column,and as it exits the top of the unit, it is cooled by a
condenser. The condensed liquid is stored in a holding vessel known as the reflux
drum. Some of this liquid is recycled back to the top of the column and this is called
the reflux.
• The condensed liquid that is removed from the system is known as the top product
or distillate..
 DESIGN:
The accurate design of distillation columns is a very important
topic in chemical industry. Here we describe a Mathematical
program for the design of distillation columns for binary mixtures.
For simplicity,it is assumed that the columns are designed by
following McCabe-Thieles procedure, a graphical method which
determines both the number of stages required for the desired
degree of separation and the location of the feed tray .
The detailed diagram is shown in figure. McCabe-Thieles method
also requires some additional assumptions.In particular, it is
assumed that:

(1) the molar overflow is constant.

(2) the molal heats of vaporization of the components are roughly

the same

(3) heat effects are negligible.

 DETAILS OF q-LINE :
VALUE OF Q SLOPE OF THE Q LINE CONDITION OF FEED
(eqn 1) (eqn 2)

0 Hf = hF , feed is a

0 i.e. Horizontal Line saturated vapor

1 Infinite i.e. vertical hF = hf , feed is a

line saturated liquid FIG 2.3 LOCATION OF q-LINE FOR TYPICAL FEED COND ITIONS

0-1 -ve inclined between Feed is a mixture of

saturated liquid and saturated vapor and

>1
saturated vapor line
+ve inclined beyond
saturated liquid
hF < hf , feed is a . ....................................equation 2.1

liquid below the

.
saturated q-line
saturated liquid line
....................................equation 2.2
<0 +ve inclined below Feed is a superheated
saturated vapor line vapor