Syllabus

coverage
1. Climate

2. Agriculture

3. Forest
 Topography
NOTES
IMPORTANT
DEFINATION
Content
Relief

Drainage

Valley

Passes

Meander

Oxbow lake

Levees

Snow field

Transhumance ,Gorges ,Cirque ,Arette

Valley
Passes
Valley /Passes

VALLEY PASSES

An area b/w two mountains example Hunza Natural part which connect two or more
Valley. areas of mountain is known as pass
example Bolan Pass , Lawani pass.
Relief/Drainage
RELIEF DRAINAGE

Physical or natural features such as valley, Rivers pattern and river eroded and
plane, passes, rock type etc . depositional feature such as meandower
ox-box lakes and leaves .
Meander/Oxbow lake
MEANDER
PAST PAPER QUESTION
Answer
 NOTES

SALITATION
WHAT IS THE ACCUMALATION OF SAND AND
SLIT IN DAM RESERVIOR AND CANAL IS
SALITATION? CALLED SILITATION.
 THE FOOT HILLS OF MOUNTAIN ARE MOSTLY
MDE UP OF SEDIMENTARY OF ROCK SPECIALLY
THE SUB – HIMALYAS AND SKRUDU
VALLEY.RIVERS TYPE OR STREAMS CAN EASILY
ERODED THESE AREAS AND DEPOSIT SAND
AND SLIT IN THE DAM RESERVIOR.

Causes of DUE TO DEFORESTATION AND OVER GRAZING

THE LAND BECAMES UNCONSOLIDATED AND
siltation EASILY TRANSPORTED BY WIND AND WATER
TO THE RIVERS.
MOST OF RIVERS COME FROM THE
MOUNTAINS AREAS.DUE TO STEEP SLOPE AND
NARROW CHANNEL RIVER ERODE ITS BANK
BED.THE ERODE MATERIAL IS DEPOSITED IN
THE DAM.
 BLOCKED OF CANALBECAUSE OF SLIT ACCUMALATION.

WEAKENS THE FOUNDATION OF DAMS AND DAM WALL.

EFFECT
OF
REDUCE THE CAPACITY OF RESERVIORS LESS FLOW OF
SALITATION WATER LEADS TO REDUCTION INGENRTION OF H.E.P.IT
ALSO RESCCULT IN AVAIBAILITY OF LESS WATER OF
IRRIGATION.
FLOW OF WATER IS HAMPEREDD WHICH MAY CAUSE
HEAVY DAMAGE TO THE DAM BECAUSE OF THE HEAP OF
SEDIMENT WHICH BLOCK THE FLOW OF WATER.
 ENCOURAGE REFORESTATION AND
AFORESTATION.
LINING OF CANAL.
CONTROLLING
INSTALLING SLIT TRAP BEFORE THE WATER
METHOD OF ENTERS THE DAM AND RESERVIOR.
STRUCTURAL MEASURE SUCH AS OPERATING
SILATATION THE RESERVIOR AT LOWERE LEVEL DURING
FLOODS AND ALLOWING FREE FLOW DURING
LOW FLOW SEASON TO REMOVE SEDIMENT
FROM THE RESERVIOR.
IMPORTANT
DEFINATION
CONTENT
Rabi
Kharif
Commercial
Subsistence
Cash crop
Food crop
Barani/Rain fed farming
Nomandic farming
Contour farming
Terrace farming
Rabi
DIFFRENCE B/W RABI AND KHARIF
D

KHARIF CROP ARE SUMMER CROP.

RABI ARE WINTER CROP.
FARMER START SOWING IN OCTOBER –
NOVEMBER FARMER START SOWING IN APRIL-MAY.

HARVEST IN APRIL-MAY
EXAMPLE : WHEET ,OIL ,MUSTARD HARVEST IN OCTOBER –NOVEMBER.

EXAMPLE:COTTON,RICE,SUGARCANE
COMMERCIAL FARMING
/SUBSISTENCE FARMING
Small scale farming
Large scale farming
Grown to sale or to export Farmer crop for his own family
Modern method of irrigation . Traditional method of agriculture like cow
dung
Example canal /tube well
Modern method of agriculture example hyv
Cash crop / Food
crop/Bahraini farming
LARGE SCALE
TO SELL OR TO EXPORT IT.
FOOD CROP IS EATABLE CROP.
BARANI FARMING 100% ON RAIN.
NOMANDIC FARMING /TERRACE
FARMING
NOMANDIC FARMING TERRACE FARMING
Nomades migrate from one place to other Farming on slope of mountain
place and try to find greenery and water .
By muddy embankment walls
They clear the natural vegetation to grow
crop known as shifting cultivation or
Nomandic farming.
Major crop of Pakistan

WHEAT COTTON RICE

SUGARCANE
Sugarcane
NOTES
Rabi or kharif crop
Sugarcane is kharif crop.
Cultivation
To start the cultivation of sugarcane you need to prepare the land by clearing it, levelling it, and
then deeply ploughing it. In ploughing after horizontal placement of sugarcane you manually
cover it and provide it with cow dung or artificial or chemical fertilizer and then irrigate the land
by either using canal or tubal irrigation. One stack of sugarcane can give you up to three plants.
This requires high amount of water for example April 2021-April 2022 reaching 7 to 7.5 feet.
After it is grown you cut it but leave a small node and after ratooning is done and reach third
fourth crop and then it is done. Normal practice of burning is done in order to produce natural
fertiliser but your land is weak.
 Sugarcane can be grown in variety of soil but
grown clayey soil

Soil /Rainfall Heavy amount of rainfall 1500 mm.

Tube well irrigation because can get water
anytime as wapda have a timetable of water
supply.
Why equatorial?
TTEEM
MPPEERRAT
ATUURREE
Farm mechanisation
 COTTON CROP
NOTES
Kharif crop or rabi crop?
Kharif crop
CULTIVATION OF COTTON

COTTON SEEDS ARE SOWN DIRECTLY IN THE

GROUND IN AN ALREADY PREPARED FIELD.A
DISTANCE B/W 30 TO 45 CM IS MAINTAINED
B/W TWO PLANTS.THE SOWING IS DONE IN HARVESTED IN DRY MONTH OF OCTOBER /
THE MONTH OF APRIL AND MAY.ONE NOVEMBER.THE PlANT REACHES HEIGHT OF
MONTH LATER THE FIELDS ARE 135 TO 140CM.
IRRIGATED.WEEDING IS DONE BEFORE THE
IRRIGATION .SECOND IS DONE AFTER TWO
MONTH (DEPEND ON TEMPERATURE).
 TEMPERATURE:
THE IDEAL TEMPERATURE FOR COTTTON CULTIVATION IS 25
TO 30 DEGREE.25 TO 30 DEGREE IS REQUIRED AT THE TIME
OF SOWING.35 DEGREE IS GOOD FOR THE RIPENING OF
NATURAL COTTON BOLL.
RAINFALL:
INPUT OR IT REQUIRE AROUND LOOMMRAINFALL COMING IN

PHYSICAL FREQUENT WITH SUNNY PERIOD IN B/W.PRE AND POST

MONSOON CAN DESTROY THE COTTON BALL .POST
MONSOON AT THE TIME OF PICKING SPOILS OF THE
REQUIREME COTTON BOLLS.PRE MONSOON DANGEROUS FOR BABY
PLANT.
NT SOIL:MEDIUM LOAMY SOIL WITH MORE % OF SAND AND
LESS % OF CLAY IS IDEAL FOR COTTON CULTIVATION.
LAND:
IT REQUIRE FLAT LAND WITH GOOD DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
WHEAT
N
NOT
OTEESS
KHARIF OR RABI CROP
RABI CROP
 STAPLE DIET OF PAKISTAN.

SOWN IN MONTH OF OCTOBER – NOVEMBER.

DIRECTLY SOWN IN GROUND AFTER PLOUGHING.

CULTIVATION MOST OF FARMER IRRIGATE TWICE BEFORE MONTH AND

AFTER MONTH.
NITROGEN FERTILISER ARE USED TO INCREASE PER ACRE .

WHEAT IS MOSTLY HARVESTED INCREASE AFTER 3 MONTH

BUT FOR GOOD IS 4 MONTH.
AT HARVESTING LOT OF LABOUR IS REQUIRED IN
TRADITIONAL METHOD.
NATURAL
INPUT OR
PHYSICAL
REQUIREME
NT
Rice
N
NOT
OTEESS
Recall complete
LIVESTOCK FARMING
N
NOT
OTEESS
FOREST
NOTES
 LOCATION

WE NEED FEATURE
TO LEARN

USES
MANGROVE
NOTES
CLIMATE
N
NOT
OTEESS
IMPORTANT DEFINATION
 1. ALTITUDE
2. LATITUDE
3. OCEAN INFULENCE
4. MONSOON
FACTORS OF 5. WESTERN DEPRESSION

CLIMATE 6. CLOUD COVER

7. ARTICLE OF SUNLIGHT
8. CONVENTIONAL RAINFALL
9. CONTIENTIAL EFFECT
10. TEMPERATURE INVERSION
ALTITUDE AND LATITUDE
ALTITUDE LATITUDE

TEMPERATURE DECREASES WITH THE IMAGARY LINE FROM EAST TO WEST.

INCREASE OF ALTITUDE AT 6C DEGREE
/1000 KNOWN AS ADIBATIC LAPS RATE.
MINUS FROM 6 DEGREE FROM 1000.
OCEANIC INFULENCE AND
CONTINENTAL EFFECT
OCEAN KEEPS DOWN THE TEMPERATURE IT KEEPS UP THE TEMPERATURE DIFFRENCE
DIFFRENCE B/W WINTER AND SUMMER B/W WINTER AND SUMMER.ALL
COASTAL AREA LIKE CONTENENTAL AREAS (AREAS AWAY FROM
KARACHI,GAWADAR,THATTA ETC ALWAYS OCEAN) SUCH AS
EXPERIENCE MODERATE TEMPERATURE LAHORE,MULTAN,FAISALABAD ,ALWAYS
THROUGH OUT THE YEAR.TEMPERATURE IS EXPERIENCE HIGH TEMPERATURE IN
NOT VERY HIGH IN SUMMER AND NOT SUMMER AND LOW TEMP IN WINTER.
VERY LOW IN WINTER.FOR INSTANCE
KARACHI SUMMER TEMPERATURE IS 32
DEGREE AND WINTER 19 SO THE RANGE OF
TEMPERATURE IS 13 DEGREE.
CLOUD COVER AND ANGEL OF
SUNLIGHT
CLOUD COVER
CLOUD REFLECT BACK SUNLIGHT AND
DECREASE THE TEMPERATURE OF
LOWER ATMOSPHERE IN DAY TIME BUT
AT NIGHT TIME EARTH RADIATION
,TRAPED DUE TO CLOUD COVER AND
INCREASE TEMPERATURE.
ANGEL OF SUNLIGHT
THE AREAS WHICH RECEIVE VERTICAL
SUNLIGHT ,ALWAYS EXPERIENCE HIGH
TEMPERATURE BUT THE AREAS WHICH
RECEIVE SUNLIGHT WITH HIGHER A LOWER
ANGLE,ALWAYS EXPERIENCE LOW
TEMPERATURE.JACABADA,SIBI,MULTAN ETC
AND KNOWN THERMAL POLE OF THE
SUBCONTINENT.
TEMPERTUR
E INVERSION
Monsoon
ORIGIN BAY OF BENGAL/ASIAN SEA

MAIN STRIKING ZONE NORTH-EAST OF PAKISTAN

PRIMARY ZONE FROM MUREE TO HAZARA DIVERSION (850 MM)

SECONDRY ZONE NORTH TO CENTRAL PUNJAB (SIALK TO FAISALABAD)

TERTIARY ZONE LEAST AMOUNT OF RAIN FELL SOUTHERN PART/SINDH

 Monsoon originate from Bay of Bengal and hit
the eastern part of Pakistan in summer season.
In Pakistan it comes in July and last till
September. Due to high temperature water
evaporate from Bay of Bengal and accumulate
in lower atmosphere known as warm and wat
(moist) air mass.It create a high pressure zone.
Monsoon/summer At the same time due to high temperature. Air
monsoon rises up from Multan and vicinity of Multan. It
create low pressure zone. The low pressure of
Multan attracts high pressure moist wind from
Bay of Bengal. Monsoon drops moist of the
moister in Bangladesh and India. Pakistan
receive tail end of monsoon rainfall. Coastal
areas of Sindh and Balochistan receive
monsoon rainfall from Arabian sea.
 - F LO O D

CLIMATE HAZARDS - C AU S ES
- T R O P I C A L C YC LO N E
BASIC
FLOOD IS OVER FLOWING OF WATER FROM RIVER BANKS KNOWN AS FLOODS OR INNUDATION.

CAUSES OF FLOOD:-

-TORRENTIAL RAINFALL FOR LONG PERIOD

-INDIAN DAM
REASON IN
PAKISTAN
FLOODING
FIRST 4
REASON
Exam question ( Past
paper)
Answers
(i)
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YOU
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