TEMPERATURE AND

HEAT

DR. ANIS NAZIHAH BINTI MAT DAUD

HEAT CONDUCTORS
MECHANISMS OF HEAT
TRANSFER
MECHANISMS OF HEAT
TRANSFER
CONDUCTION

• the process whereby heat is transferred directly through a material,

with any bulk motion of the material playing no role in the transfer
CONDUCTION

• The heat Q conducted during a time t through a bar of length L and

cross-sectional area A.
dQ T  TC
H  kA H
dt L

H  heat current
dQ
 rate of heat flow
dt
k  thermal conductivity of rod
A  cross sectional area of rod
TH  temperature at hot end of rod
TC  temperature at cold end of rod
L  length of rod
CONDUCTION THROUGH
MULTI-LAYERS
CONDUCTION THROUGH
MULTI-LAYERS (SERIES)

TH  TC
H
RT
RT  R1  R2  R3  ...  Rn
 L  L  L  L
RT           ...   
 kA 1  kA  2  kA  3  kA  n
TH  TC
HA
 L1 L2 L3 L 
    ...  n 
 k1 k 2 k 3 kn 
CONDUCTION THROUGH
MULTI-LAYERS (PARALLEL)
TH  TC
H
RT
    
    ... 
RT R R R RT
  kA   kA   kA   kA 
          ...   
RT  L   L    L    L n
T  TC
H H  k A  k  A  k  A  ...  k n An 
L
CONVECTION

• the process in which heat is carried from place to place by the bulk
movement of a fluid.
CONVECTION
 RADIATION

• the process in which energy is

transferred by means of
electromagnetic waves.
H  AeT 4

H  heat current
A  area of emitting surface
e  emissitivity of surface
  Stefan - Boltzmann constant (5.67  10 -8 W m -2 K -4 )
T  absolute temperature of surface
EXERCISE

One end of an insulated metal rod is maintained at 100.0oC, and the

other end is maintained at 0.00oC by an ice–water mixture. The rod is
100.0 cm long and has a cross-sectional area of 1.25 cm2. The heat
conducted by the rod melts 2.50 g of ice in 5.0 min. Find the thermal
conductivity k of the metal. (Answer: 223 W/m.K)
EXERCISE

A long rod, insulated to prevent heat loss along its sides, is in perfect thermal contact with
boiling water (at atmospheric pressure) at one end and with an ice–water mixture at the
other. The rod consists of a 1.00-m section of copper (one end in boiling water) joined end
to end to a length L2 of steel (one end in the ice–water mixture). Both sections of the rod
have cross sectional areas of 1.00 cm2. The temperature of the copper–steel junction is
65.0oC after a steady state has been set up. (kcopper = 385 W/m.K, ksteel = 50.2 W/m.K)
(a) How much heat per second flows from the boiling water to the ice–water mixture?
(Answer: 1.35 W)
(b) What is the length L2 of the steel section? (Answer: 0.242 m)
EXERCISE

A spherical pot contains 0.50 L of hot coffee (essentially water) at an

initial temperature of 75oC. The pot has an emissivity of 0.60, and the
surroundings are at 20.0oC. Calculate the coffee’s rate of heat loss by
radiation. (Answer: 7.57 W)
QUIZ/FORUM

How does radiation contribute to global warming?