THERMAL

PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
DR. ANIS NAZIHAH BINTI MAT DAUD
IDEAL GAS EQUATION

a simple molecular model that

ignores the volumes of the
molecules themselves and the
attractive forces between them
PV  nRT
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION

• makes approximate corrections for the

volumes of the molecules themselves
and the attractive forces between them

 an  
P  V  nb  nRT
 V 
 

P  pressure
V  volume
T  temperature
n  number of mole
R  gas constant (8.314 J mol-1 K -1 or 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K -1
a ,b  constant
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION

• Constant b represents the volume of a

mole of molecules
– The volume remaining in which the
molecules can move is V - nb.
• Constant a depends on the attractive
intermolecular forces,
– The decrease in pressure is
proportional to the number of
molecules per unit volume in a
layer near the wall (which are
exerting the pressure on the wall)  an  
P  V  nb   nRT
and the number per unit volume in  V  
 
the next layer beyond the wall
(which are doing the attracting).
EQUATION OF STATE
EQUATION OF STATE
PV-DIAGRAMS
(IDEAL GAS)
• The highest temperature is T4 PV-isotherms for a constant
and the lowest temperature is amount of an ideal gas.
T1.
• The pressure is inversely
proportional to the volume at
constant temperature.
PV-DIAGRAMS
(REAL GAS)
• At T below than Tc PV-diagram for a material that does
– The flat parts of the isotherms in
not obey the ideal-gas equation.
the shaded area represent
conditions of liquid-vapor phase
equilibrium.
– As the volume decreases, more
and more material goes from
vapor to liquid, but the pressure
does not change
PV-DIAGRAMS
(REAL GAS)
• When we compress a gas at a constant PV-diagram for a material that does
temperature T2,
not obey the ideal-gas equation.
– it is vapor until point a is
reached.
– Then it begins to liquefy; as the
volume decreases further, more
material liquefies, and both the
pressure and the temperature
remain constant.
– At point b, all the material is in
the liquid state.
PV-DIAGRAMS
(REAL GAS)
• At T greater than Tc PV-diagram for a material that does
– no phase transition occurs as the
not obey the ideal-gas equation.
material is compressed.
– At T4, the curves resemble the
ideal gas curve.
• Tc is the critical temperature for this
material
PHASES OF MATTER
PHASES OF MATTER

• Triple point: the only condition under which all three phases can coexist
• Critical point: this point corresponds to the endpoint at the top of the vaporization
curve
PVT-SURFACE

• represents the equation of state as a surface in a three-dimensional

space with coordinates P, V, and T.
EXERCISE

Consider 1 mole of CO2 gas at T = 273.0 K and a volume of 4.48 × 10-4

m3. (a = 0.364 J m3 mol-2 and b = 4.27 × 10-5 m3 mol-1)
(a)What is the pressure of the gas calculated by the ideal-gas equation?
(Answer: 5.07 MPa)
(b) What does the van der Waals equation give for the pressure?
(Answer: 3.79 MPa)
EXERCISE

Calculate the volume of 1.00 mol of liquid water at 20°C (at which its
density is 998 kg/m3), and compare that with the volume occupied by
1.00 mol of water at the critical point, which is 56 × 10-6 m3. Water has a
molar mass of 18.0 g/mol. (Answer: 18 × 10-6 m3, less than the volume
at critical point)
QUIZ/FORUM

Explain the conditions in which the real gas exhibits the

properties of the ideal gas.