Modulation

4.1 : Digital Modulation

4.2 : Digital Transmission

4.3 : Multiple Access Methods

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 4.1 Digital Modulation
Outlines

a. Introduction
b. Information capacity, Bits, Bit Rate, Baud,
M-ary Encoding
c. Digital Modulation Techniques
- ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM

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Introduction :
Analog modulation and digital modulation

 Both analog and digital modulation systems

use analog carriers to transport the
information signal.
 In analog modulation, the information is
also analog, whereas with digital
modulation, the information is digital
which could be computer generated data or
digitally encoded analog signals.

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Digital modulation

• Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog

signals between two or more points in a communications
system.
• Can be propagated through Earth’s atmosphere and
used in wireless communication system - digital radio.
• Offer several outstanding advantages over
traditional analog system.
• Ease of processing
• Ease of multiplexing
• Noise immunity
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Cont’d...
 Applications:
 Low speed voice band data comm. modems
 High speed data transmission systems
 Digital microwave & satellite comm. systems
 PCS (personal communication systems)
telephone

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 Why digital modulation?
 The modulation of digital signals with analogue
carriers allows an improvement in signal to noise
ratio as compared to analogue modulating
schemes.

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 Important Criteria

1. High spectral efficiency

2. High power efficiency
3. Robust to multipath
4. Low cost and ease of implementation
5. Low carrier-to-co channel interference ratio
6. Low out-of-band radiation

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CHAPTER 4 : DIGITAL MODULATION
 Cont’d…
7. Constant or near constant envelop
8. Bandwidth Efficiency
 Ability to accommodate data within a limited
bandwidth
 Tradeoff between data rate and pulse width
9. Power Efficiency
 To preserve the fidelity of the digital message at
low power levels.
 Can increase noise immunity by increasing
signal power
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Forms of Digital Modulation

v(t )  V sin(2ft   )

FSK
ASK PSK

QAM

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 Forms of Digital Modulation

v(t )  V sin(2ft   )
•If the amplitude, V of the carrier is varied proportional to
the information signal, a digital modulated signal is called
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
•If the frequency, f of the carrier is varied proportional to
the information signal, a digital modulated signal is called
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

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Cont’d…
 If the phase, θ of the carrier is varied proportional
to the information signal, a digital modulated signal
is called Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 If both the amplitude and the phase, θ of the carrier

are varied proportional to the information signal, a
digital modulated signal is called Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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Cont’d...

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Example 4.1

For the digital message 1101 1100

1010, sketch the waveform for the
following:
a. ASK
b. FSK
c. PSK
d. QAM
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Block Diagram
Simplified block diagram of a digital modulation system

Transmitter Receiver

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 Cont’d…
 Precoder performs level conversion & encodes
incoming data into group of bits that modulate
an analog carrier.

 Modulated carrier filtered, amplified &

transmitted through transmission medium to Rx.

 In Rx, the incoming signals filtered, amplified &

applied to the demodulator and decoder circuits
which extracts the original source information
from modulated carrier.
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 Information Capacity, Bits,
Bit Rate, Baud, M-ary Encoding

 Information capacity, Bits & Bit Rate

 Information capacity is a measure of how much
information can be propagated through a
communication system and is a function of
bandwidth and transmission time.
 Represents the number of independent symbols that
can be carried through a system in a given unit of
time.
 Basic digital symbol is the binary digit or bit.
 Express the information capacity as a bit rate – the
number of bits transmitted during one second (bps).

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Hartley’s Law

I  Bt
Where
I = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
t = transmission time (s)

From the equation, Information capacity is a

linear function of bandwidth and transmission
time and directly proportional to both.
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 Shannon’s Formula

I  B log 2 (1  NS ) or I  3.32 B log10 (1  NS )

Where
I = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
S
= signal to noise power ratio (unitless)
N

The higher S/N the better the performance and the

higher the information capacity

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Example 4.2

By using the Shannon’s Formula,

calculate the information capacity if
S/N = 30 dB and B = 2.7 kHz.

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Nyquist Sampling Rate

 fs is equal or greater than 2fm

fs >= 2fm

fs = minimum Nyquist sample rate (Hz)

fm = maximum analog input frequency (Hz)

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 Example 4.3

Determine the Nyquist sample rate for

a maximum analog input frequency 7.5
kHz.

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CHAPTER 4 : DIGITAL MODULATION
Example 4.1

For the digital message 1101 1100

1010, sketch the waveform for the
following:
a. ASK
b. FSK
c. PSK
d. QAM
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 Answer

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CHAPTER 4 : DIGITAL MODULATION
Example 4.2

By using the Shannon’s Formula, calculate

the information capacity if S/N = 30 dB and
B = 2.7 kHz.

I  B log 2 (1  NS )

I  3.32(2700) log 2 (1  1000)  26.9kbps

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Example 4.3

Determine the Nyquist sample rate for

a maximum analog input frequency 7.5
kHz.
fs >= 2fm
fs >= 2(7.5kHz) = 15kHz

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M-ary Encoding
 It is often advantageous to encode at a level higher
than binary where there are more then two
conditions possible.
 The number of bits necessary to produce a given
number of conditions is expressed mathematically
as
N  log 2 M OR M 2 N

Where N = number of bits necessary

M = number of conditions, level or combinations
possible with N bits.
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Cont’d…
 Each symbol represents n bits, and has M
signal states, where M = 2N.
 Example;
A digital signal with four possible conditions
(voltage levels, frequencies, etc) is an M-ary
system with number of possible conditions,
M=4.

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Example 4.4

Find the number of voltage levels

which can represent an analog signal
with
a. 3 Bits
b. 8 bits
c. 12 bits

Ans: M=8,256,4096

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Concept of Signal states

8 possible states

3 Bit ADC

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Baud
 Baud refers to the rate of change of a signal on
the transmission medium after encoding and
modulation have occurred.

1
baud 
ts
ts
Where
baud = symbol rate (symbol per second)
ts = time of one signaling element or symbol
(seconds)
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Bit rate and baud
 Bit rate refers to the rate of change of
a digital information signal, which is
usually binary. (bps or b/s )
 Baud, like bit rate, also a rate of
change but it refers to the rate of
change of a signal on transmission
medium after encoding and modulation
process.
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 Minimum BW
 Minimum Bandwidth refers to the minimum bandwidth
necessary to pass M-ary digitally modulated carriers.
 From the Nyquist formulation for channel capacity, fb

f b  B log 2 M Then,

 fb  f
Where fb= channel capacity (bps) B    
B = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz)
 log 2 M  N
M = number of discrete signal or voltage levels

Where N is the number of bits encoded into each signaling element.

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Example 4.5
Determine the minimum bandwidth and
baud necessary to pass a 10 kbps binary
signal using amplitude shift keying.

Solution
ASK : N=1, and the minimum bandwidth are
 fb  fb  10,000  f b
B     B   f b  10,000  baud
 log 2 M  N  1  1

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Additional note
 N=1  1 bit is
represented for a
signaling element
or symbol.

ts

N=1, gives the following equation becomes

 fb  f
B     = fb , in binary system baud = bit
 log 2 M  N
per second are equal.
In higher system, bps always greater than baud. 34
Digital Modulation Techniques

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

The simplest digital modulation

technique
A binary information signal is directly
modulates the amplitude of an analog
carrier.
Similar to standard AM except there are
only two output amplitudes possible.

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Changes in
amplitude of the
carrier signal

 A binary information signal directly modulates the

amplitude of an analog carrier.
 Sometimes called Digital Amplitude Modulation (DAM)

vask (t )  [1  vm (t )] cos(c t ) A
2

Where vask (t) = amplitude shift keying wave The

modulating
vm(t) = digital information signal (volt) signal is the
normalized
A/2 = unmodulated carrier amplitude (volt) binary
waveform
ωc = analog carrier radian frequency (rad/s)

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Cont’d...

Digital Amplitude Modulation

 A cos(c t ) for logic'1' , vm (t )  1V

vask (t )  
 0 for logic'0' , vm (t )  1V
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 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Also the relatively simple digital modulation technique

Similar to standard FM except the modulating signal is
the binary signal that varies between 2 discrete
voltage levels rather than a continuously changing
analog waveform.

Sometimes called as Binary Frequency Shift Keying

(BFSK)

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CHAPTER 4 : DIGITAL MODULATION
 Changes in the freq
of the carrier signal

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

 The phase shift in carrier frequency (∆f) is proportional to the
amplitude of the binary input signal (vm(t)) and the direction
of the shift is determined by the polarity

v fsk (t )  Vc cos 2 [ f c  vm (t ) f ]t 
Where vfsk(t) = binary FSK waveform
Vc = peak analog carrier amplitude (volt)
The
modulating fc = analog carrier center frequency (Hz)
signal is a
normalized ∆f = peak shift in analog carrier frequency (Hz)
binary
waveform vm(t) = binary input signal (volt)

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 Vc cos 2 [ f c  f ]t for logic'1' , vm (t )  1
v fsk (t )  
Vc cos 2 [ f c  f ]t for logic'0' , vm (t )  1

lower Higher
frequency frequency
or space or mark
frequency frequency

fm  fs
f  ,
2
where
f  frequency deviation (Hz)
f m  f s  absolute difference between mark & space frequency (Hz)
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 Exercise

Prove the following equations to represent

binary 1 and 0 respectively.

a)
vask (t )  [1  vm (t )] cos(c t )
A
2
5 marks

b)
v fsk (t )  Vc cos 2 [ f c  vm (t ) f ]t 

5 marks
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B  ( f m  f b )  ( f s  f b )  f m  f s  2 f b  2(f  f b )

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 Cont’d...

Binary Input Frequency Output

0 Space (fs)

1 Mark (fm)

Baud for FSK determined by setting N=1

fb
baud   fb
1
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Example 4.6

For an FSK signal, given a mark

frequency = 49kHz, a space frequency =
51kHz and input bit rate =2kbps.

Determine
(a) The peak frequency deviation
(b) Minimum bandwidth
(c) Baud for a binary FSK signal
Ans: 1kHZ,6kHz,2000 45
Solution
The peak frequency deviation
| 49kHz  51kHz |
f   1kHz.
2
Minimum bandwidth
B  2(1000  2000)  6kHz
Baud for a binary FSK signal, for
FSK,N=1
2000
Baud   2000
1

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 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Another form of angle-modulated, constant amplitude
digital modulation.
 Binary digital signal input & limited number of output
phases possible.
 M-ary digital modulation scheme with the number of
output phases defined by M.
 The simplest PSK is Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)
 N= 1, M=2
 Two phases possible for carrier with one phase for logic 1 and
another phase for logic 0
 The output carrier shifts between two angles separated by 180°

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Cont’d...

M=2,
N=1

a) Truth Table b) Phasor Diagram c) Constellation Diagram

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Cont’d... BPSK Transmitter

• Balanced modulator –
phase reversing switch

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Cont’d... BPSK Receiver

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 CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM
Definition : A graphical representation of the
complex envelope of each possible symbol
state.

 The x-axis represents the in-phase component and

the y-axis the quadrature component of the
complex envelope

 The distance between signals on a constellation

diagram relates to how different the modulation
waveforms are and how easily a receiver can
differentiate between them.

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Cont’d...

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Cont’d...
M=8
N=3

tribits

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

 Combine amplitude and phase-shift

keying.
 Similar with PSK except that it is not a
constant amplitude signal. Both
amplitude and phase change.
 Method of voice band data
transmission.
 QAM = 4-PSK
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Cont’d...

quadbits

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 Cont’d...

Both amplitude Constant

and phase vary amplitude,
phase varies 56
Cont’d...
 Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined to transmit
several bits per symbol.
 Often referred to as linear as they require linear amplification.
 More bandwidth-efficient, but more susceptible to noise.

 For M = 4, 16QAM has the largest distance between points, but

requires very linear amplification. 16PSK has less stringent
linearity requirements, but has less spacing between
constellation points, and is therefore more affected by noise.

 High level M-ary schemes (such as 64-QAM) are very bandwidth-

efficient but more susceptible to noise and require linear
amplification

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Bandwidth Efficiency

 Used to compare the performance of one digital

modulation technique to another.

Bη = Transmission bit rate (bps)

Minimum bandwidth (Hz)

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CONCLUSION

 To decide which modulation method

should be used , we need to make
considerations of

a) Bandwidth
b) Speed of Modulation
c) Complexity of Hardware

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Assignment #1
 379

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