Air Quality – L5

Virendra Sethi
vsethi@iitb.ac.in
7809

1
Respirable Stopped
in Nose

2
 Tri-modal Particle Size Distribution

Typical Engine Exhaust Size Distribution both Mass and

Number Weightings (Source: Kittelson et al. 1999)
3
Particle formation in coal combustion

Source: Flagan and Seinfeld, 1988 4

Size Distribution both Mass and Number Weightings
(Source: Kittelson et al. 1999)

5
 COLLECTION / REMOVAL
EFFICIENCY

PARTICLE DIAMETER
1 m

6
 Study Area
Mumbai

1. WRL (residential)

2. PAL (industrial)

1
2

Map Source: 7
http://wikimapia.org
 Mass Size Distributions Measured for 5
200
Days in Mumbai
Morning (7 am - 2 pm)
Evening (2 pm - 11 pm)
Night (11 pm - 7 am)
PM2.5 24 Hour average
150
dM / dLog Dp (m g/m3)

PM10

100

50

0
1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02
8
Diameter (mm)
 Ratio of PM2.5 to PM10

INDICATOR OF
ANTHROPOGENIC / COMBUSTION
ACTIVITIES

Ratio Small = Benign Particulate

Ratio Large = Most particles will reach

lungs and possibly more toxic
 PM2.5 and PM10 Measurements at
300
Mumbai
WRL (0.58)

250
PAL (0.51)

200
PM2.5 (m g/m3)

150

100

50

-
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

PM10(mg/m3) 10
 PM2.5 and PM10 Measurements at
300
Pune
PMC (0.46)

250
MAN (0.53)

KGP (0.47)
200
PM2.5 (mg/m3)

BHO (0.50)

150
OAS (0.48)

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

PM10(mg/m3)
11
 PM2.5 and PM10 Measurements at
Mumbai and Pune
400
WRL (0.58)
350 PAL (0.51)

Festival (0.61)
300
PMC (0.46)

MAN (0.53)
250
PM2.5 (m g/m3)

KGP (0.47)

200 BHO (0.50)

OAS (0.48)
150

100

50

-
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

PM10(mg/m3)
12
 Mass Size Distributions Measured for 5
200
Days in Mumbai
Morning (7 am - 2 pm)
Evening (2 pm - 11 pm)
Night (11 pm - 7 am)
PM2.5 24 Hour average
150
dM / dLog Dp (mg/m3)

PM10

100

50

0
1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02
13
Diameter (mm)
 PM10 and PM2.5
• PM10 is the mass concentration of
particulate matter less than 10 m
expressed as g/m3

• PM2.5 is the mass concentration of

particulate matter less than 2.5 m
expressed as g/m3

14
 PM2.5 is a subset of PM10
• Plot mass distribution function

• Mode in the <2.5 mm size is sourced by

combustion and other anthropogenic activities.
More toxic.

• Area under the curve

– 0 to 10 m PM10
– 0 to 2.5 m PM2.5
15
 Ratio of PM2.5 to PM10

INDICATOR OF
ANTHROPOGENIC / COMBUSTION
ACTIVITIES

Ratio Small = Benign Particulate

Ratio Large = Most particles will reach

lungs and possibly more toxic
 PM2.5 and PM10 Measurements at
300
Mumbai
WRL (0.58)

250
PAL (0.51)

200
PM2.5 (mg/m3)

150

100

50

-
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

PM10(mg/m3) 17
 PM2.5 and PM10 Measurements at
300
Pune
PMC (0.46)

250
MAN (0.53)

KGP (0.47)
200
PM2.5 (mg/m3)

BHO (0.50)

150
OAS (0.48)

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

PM10(mg/m3)
18
 PM2.5 and PM10 Measurements at
Mumbai and Pune
400
WRL (0.58)
350 PAL (0.51)

Festival (0.61) Diwali Time

300
PMC (0.46)

MAN (0.53)
250
PM2.5 (mg/m3)

KGP (0.47)

200 BHO (0.50)

OAS (0.48)
150

100

50

-
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

PM10(mg/m3)
19
Sizing of Particles
 Thought Exercise

How would you

size and count
aerosol particles in the
nanometer size range ?
Instrumentation
• Inertial Impactors
– Mass based (> 56 nm)
• Optical Particle Counters
– Number based (> 100 nm)
• Electrical Mobility
– Sizing (> 6 nm)
– Counting (Condensation Nuclei Counters)
 NOZZLE

Impaction Stage

Filter

TO Vac Pump
MOUDI
Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor
 Figure 2.7: NaCl Experiment Cumulative Mass Percent

1 0.078
0.14 TSI - 5 g/L (30 min)
0.25
0.9 TSI - 40 g/L (20 min)

TSI - 300 g/L (10 min)

0.44
0.8 TSI repeat - 40 g/L (20 min)

WashU - 5 g/L (20 min)

0.7
WashU - 40 g/L (16 min)
Cumulative Mass Percent

0.78
0.6

0.5

Solvent d50
0.4
Concentration m
1.4
0.3 Atomizers mg/L
5 0.62
40 1.01
0.2 Type-1 300 1.9
5 1.2
0.1 Type-2 40 2 2.15

4.05
0 7.8 14
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle Diameter,m
Elemental Analysis of Wood gasifier Particles
Collected from MOUDI using EDAX

Stage 0
70
Stage 1
Stage 5
Stage 6
60
Stage 7
Stage 10
50

Weight %
40

30

20

10

0
C
Na
Mg
O
Fe
P
Cl
K
Ca
Fe
Al Elements
Si
 Morphology of Particles Collected from
MOUDI Stages in Raw Producer Gas from
Wood and Rice Husk Gasifiers

2m
0.2m

TEM Image of Particles from 7th SEM Image of Particles from 1st
Stage of MOUDI, Corresponding Stage of MOUDI, Corresponding
Cut-Size 0.56 m Cut-Size 10m
Single Stage Impactor Developed at CESE
 Calibration of SSI

100.00

PM<2.5 NaCl
SSI Particulate Concentration (mg / Nm 3)

PM>2.5 NaCl

10.00

1.00

0.10
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
MOUDI Particulate Concentration (mg / Nm 3)
Instrumentation
• Inertial Impactors
– Mass based (> 56 nm)
• Optical Particle Counters
– Number based (> 100 nm)
• Electrical Mobility
– Sizing (> 6 nm)
– Counting (Condensation Nuclei Counters)
OPC’s
• Light Scattering
• Light Extinction

Limited to 0.09 m
0.4 > opt> 0.7 m

• Single Particle /Cloud of Particles

 Laser Source, 

Iscatter
Iscatter

Particle Size
Instrumentation
• Inertial Impactors
– Mass based (> 56 nm)
• Optical Particle Counters
– Number based (> 100 nm)
• Electrical Mobility
– Sizing (> 6 nm)
– Counting (Condensation Nuclei Counters)
Electrical Mobility Analysers

• Charge particles
SIZE
• Electrical Field

CPC
OPC in Principle – Alcohol
used to grow size
Differential Mobility
Analyser (For size
separation using
electrical mobility)

Source : TSI Inc.

Condensation Particle Counter (For growing the size separated
particles and detecting them using light scattering)

Source : TSI Inc.

Other Instruments For Routine Field Studies

• High Volume Samplers (1.2 Lakhs)

– Regulatory (PM10m SOx, NOx)

• Mini-vol Samplers (2 Lakhs)

– Regulatory (PM10, PM2.5)

• Dust Trak (4 Lakhs)

– Real time (1 minute resolution)
– PMx (x = 1, 2.5, 4, 10)