SPEECH AND LANGUAGE

PATHOLOGY PRESENTATION
GROUP FIVE---
STAMMERING/STUTTERING
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATTION

 INTRODUCTION/DEFINITION
 INCIDENCE
 TYPES
 CAUSES
 SITUATIONS THAT MAY MAKE STAMMERING WORSE
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 MANGEMENT
 EFFECTS
INTRODUCTION/DEFINIITION

 Speech can be defined as the faculty or act of expressing or describing thought, feelings or
perception by the articulation of words.
 Stammering and stuttering are two different words that are used to describe the same
condition. Generally speaking 'stuttering' is used more commonly in North America and
Australia, while in Britain we tend to use the word 'stammering'.
 Stammering is a disorder of fluency that is characterised by various behaviors that interfere
with the forward flow of speech.
 While all individuals are disfluent to some extent, what differentiates stammerers from non-
stammerers is the frequency of their disfluency and/or the severity of their disfluency.
 However, the other factor that differentiates stammerers from non-stammerers is that
almost invariably the disfluencies that the stammerer regards as "stammering" are
accompanied by a feeling of loss of control.
 It is this loss of control, which can't be observed or experienced by the listener, that is
generally most problematic for the stammerer.
INCIDENCE

 Stuttering affects men four times more than it affects women.

 The incidence of stuttering has always been reported to be higher in males
than in females.
 Possible causes of the unequal sex ratio includes combination of
environmental and genetic elements.
TYPES OF STAMMERING

There are 3 types of stuttering namely developmental stuttering, neurogenic

stuttering, and psychogenic stuttering.

 Developmental stuttering. This is the most common type of stuttering in children. It

usually happens when a child is between ages 2 and 5. It may happen when a child’s
speech and language development lags behind what he or she needs or wants to say.
 Neurogenic stuttering. Neurogenic stuttering may happen after a stroke or brain
injury. It happens when there are signal problems between the brain and nerves and
muscles involved in speech.
 Psychogenic stuttering. Psychogenic stuttering is not common. It may happen after
emotional trauma. Or it can happen along with problems thinking or reasoning.
Psychogenic stuttering originates in the part of the brain that governs thinking and
reasoning (limbic system)
CAUSES OF STAMMERING

 Trauma; injury to the head , surgery of the jaw or face

 Genetics
 Extreme parental demands/family dynamics
 Difficulty in encoding synaptic structure and rhythm
 Psychological reasons of nervousness or low self esteem
 Medical problems such as tumours or growth in the motor area of the brain
and Williams syndrome
 Child development Neurophysiology
SITUATIONS THAT MAY MAKE
STAMMERING WORSE
Stammering can be worse in situations where a child feels self-conscious about their speech and
so they may be trying hard not to stammer.
These situations might include:
 Talking to a person in authority, such as a teacher

 Saying something in front of the clas

 Reading aloud

 Speaking on the telephone

 Saying their name in registration at school

SIGNS AND SYPMTOMS OF STAMMERING

 Rapid blinking
 Trembling
 Foot tapping
 A trembling jaw
 The face and or upper body tightens
 Problem starting a word, phrase or sentence
 Hesitation before certain sounds have to be uttered
 Repeating a sound, word or syllable
 Certain speech sounds, may be prolonged
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CTD

 Speech may come out in spurts

 Words with certain sounds are substituted for other (circumlocution)

 Tremors of the lips or jaw.

 Facial tics.

 Head jerks.

 Clenching fists
DIAGNOSIS

 Case history
 Give the child some numbers, ranging from 1-10 or less and make them count.
 Let them call out names of object or toys.
 Use of sweat index device to check the level of pressure the person
experiences when talking.
 The child is expected to identify the word or speech sounds and where they
occur by drawing lines under them.
MANAGEMENT OF STAMMERING

 After a comprehensive evaluation by a speech-language pathologist, a

decision about the best treatment approach can be made. Several different
approaches are available to treat children and adults who stutter. Because of
varying individual issues and needs, a method — or combination of methods —
that's helpful for one person may not be as effective for another.
 Treatment may not eliminate all stuttering, but it can teach skills that help
to:
 Improve speech fluency
 Develop effective communication
 Participate fully in school, work and social activities.
MANAGEMENT CTD

Treatment approaches include:

 Diaphragmatic breathing allowing the client to take in deep breath speaking

 Voluntary stuttering: encourage the client to consciously stummer.

 Speech therapy. Speech therapy can teach you to slow down your speech and
learn to notice when you stutter. You may speak very slowly and deliberately
when beginning speech therapy, but over time, you can work up to a more
natural speech pattern
MANAGEMENT CTD

 .Electronic devices. Several electronic devices are available to enhance

fluency. Delayed auditory feedback requires you to slow your speech or the
speech will sound distorted through the machine. Another method mimics your
speech so that it sounds as if you're talking in unison with someone else. Some
small electronic devices are worn during daily activities.

 Ask a speech-language pathologist for guidance on choosing a device.

 Cognitive behavioral therapy. This type of psychotherapy can help you learn to
identify and change ways of thinking that might make stuttering worse. It can
also help you resolve stress, anxiety or self-esteem problems related to
stuttering.
MANAGEMENT CTD

 6.Parent-child interaction. Parental involvement in practicing techniques at

home is a key part of helping a child cope with stuttering, especially with
some methods. Follow the guidance of the speech-language pathologist to
determine the best approach for your child.

Here are tips to help your child manage stuttering:

 Try to provide a relaxed environment.

 Set time aside to talk with your child.
 Encourage your child to talk to you about fun and easy topics.
MANAGEMENT CTD

 Try not to react in a negative way. Instead, praise your child for correct speech.
 Don't interrupt your child while he or she is speaking.
 Speak slowly to your child. This may help him or her to also speak slowly.
 Pay attention to your child when he or she speaks.
 Wait for your child to say words or sentences without saying them for him or her.
 Talk openly about the stuttering if the child brings up the subject.
 Educate your child's teachers and help them provide a school environment that is accepting and safe
from bullying.
 Share your family history of speech and language disorders (if known) with your healthcare provider.

Medication
 Although some medications have been tried for stuttering, no drugs have been proved yet to help the
problem.
EFFECTS OF STAMMERING

Psychological effects

 Depression
 Anxiety
 Stress
 Low self esteem
 Anger, embarrassment and
 shame
EFFECTS OF STAMMERING CTD

Social effects
 Self-imposed isolation
 Difficulty in speaking in public and on telephone
 May affect intimate relationship
 Stigma
Educational effects
 Poor school performance

Economic effects
 Limited to certain jobs. E.g broadcasting
REFERENCES

 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education, 1998-2021

 Gagdagbui, G. Y. (2016). The Teaching of Speech and Language. Winneba:
Department of Special Education, University of Education
 Healthline.com standfordchildren.org medicalnewstoday.com
 https://www.yourdictionary.com/speech standfordchildren.org
medicalnewstoday.com
 https://www.yourdictionary.com/speech
THANK YOU

ANY QUESTIONS????????

GOD BLESS Y’ALL

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