12.

Feedback Amplifiers
(18.1 – 18.4)

 Feedback Connection Types

 Input Impedance of Feedback Circuits
 Output Impedance of Feedback Circuits
 Advantages of Feedback Circuits
 Practical Feedback Circuits

1
 Feedback Connection Types

Voltage-series feedback

V
+ +V V
AV  o +V RL
Analysis for AVf
Vo  AV Vi  AV Vs  Vf 
~
Vi
- - -
s i o

-+  AV Vs  AV  V Vo 
V  Vo 1  AV V   AV Vs
+V
f
Vf
V  AV
Vo
- f Vo  AVf  
Vs 1  AV V


Vo
AVf  (Gain with feedback )
Vs

Feedback is a voltage Vf=Vo is in series with source voltage Vs ( Series feedback)
If RL is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback ( Voltage feedback)

If Vi < Vs (Vi = Vs –Vf), negative series feedback is achieved

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 2
 Voltage-shunt feedback

Is Ii
V
AR  o +V RL
Analysis for ARf
Ii Vo  AR Ii  AR  Is  If 
-
o

 AR Is  AR   RVo 
If  Vo 1  AR  R   AR Is
If
R  AR
Vo Vo
 ARf   
Is 1  AR  R
Vo
ARf  (Gain with feedback )
Is

Feedback is a current If=Vo is in parallel with source current I s ( Shunt feedback)
If RL is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback ( Voltage feedback)

If Ii < Is (Ii = Is –If), negative shunt feedback is achieved

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 3
 Current-series feedback

~ Vs
+ +V AG 
Io
Io RL
Analysis for AGf

- Vi Io  AG Vi  AG Vs  Vf 
- +-
i

Io  AG Vs  AG   G Io 
V
+V  Io 1  AG  G   AG Vs
f
Vf
G 
- f Io
 AGf 
Io

AG

Vs 1  AG  G
Io
AGf  (Gain with feedback )
Vs

Feedback is a voltage Vf=GIo is in series with source voltage Vs ( Series feedback)
If RL is short, Vf is still there ( Current feedback)

If Vi < Vs (Vi = Vs –Vf), negative series feedback is achieved

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 4
 Current-shunt feedback

I Analysis for AIf

Is Ii AI  o Io RL
Ii Io  AI Ii  AI  Is  If 
 AI Is  AI   I Io 
If  Io 1  AI  I   AI Is
If
I  AI
Io Io
 AIf   
Is 1  AI  I
Io
AIf  (Gain with feedback )
Is

Feedback is a current If=IIo is in parallel with source current I s ( Shunt feedback)
If RL is short, Vf is still there ( Current feedback)

If Ii < Is (Ii = Is –If), negative shunt feedback is achieved

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 5
Input Impedance of Feedback Circuits
Input Impedance of Series feedback circuits
Rif Ri
Ii Ii

~ Vs Vi
Voltage or
Current
feedback
Vf

Vi Vs  Vf Vs   Vo Vs   AVi
Ii    
Ri Ri Ri Ri
 Vs  IiRi   AVi  IiRi   A IiRi 
Vs
 Rif   Ri  1  A   Ri 1  AV V   Ri 1  AG  G 
Ii

Since 1+A is always greater than 1, then R if > Ri

Series feedback always increase the input impedance of the amplifiers

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 6
Input Impedance of Shunt feedback circuits

Rif Ri
Ii
Is Vi
Voltage or
Current
If
feedback

Vi  RiIi  Rif Is  Rif  Ii  If   Rif  Ii  A Ii 

RiIi Ri Ri Ri
Rif    
Ii  Ii 1  A 1  AI  I 1  AR R

Since 1+A is always greater than 1, then R if < Ri

Shunt feedback always decrease the input impedance of the amplifiers

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 7
Output Impedance of Feedback Circuits
Output Impedance of Voltage feedback circuits
I
R0 V V ~ R0
I
R0 R0f
Norton's Thevenin's I
equivalent equivalent + I
+V
Vs=0 Vi AVVi ~ R0
rs=0 - -
To find Ro, all -V +
+
f
Vf
external sources  V 
should be replaced
V
-
by their input Apply V at the
Vf is in-phase with output and get I
impedance
V then Vi = -Vf while making the
Vo  AV Vi  IRo  AV   Vf   IRo  AV   V Vo   IRo external Vs = 0
Vo Ro
Vo  AV  V Vo   IRo  Rof  
I 1  AV V

Since 1+AVV is always greater than 1, then R of < Ro for voltage feedback circuits
Voltage feedback always decrease the output impedance of the amplifiers
EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 8
Output Impedance of Current feedback circuits
I
R0 R0f
R0 V V ~ R0
I I
+ AGVi +
Norton's Thevenin's Vi R0 V
equivalent equivalent Vs=0 - -
rs=0
- Vf
I
Vf G 
To find Ro, all I
external sources + Apply V at the
should be replaced Since I is reversed, output and get I
by their input Vf is reversed then making the
impedance Vi = Vf external Vs = 0
V V V
I  AG Vi   AG Vf   AG   G I  
Ro Ro Ro
V V
 I  1  AG  G   Rof   Ro 1  AG  G 
Ro I
Since 1+AGG is always greater than 1, then R of > Ro for Current feedback circuits
Voltage feedback always decrease the output impedance of the amplifiers
EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 9
Example:
Determine the Voltage gain = Avf , Input Impedance = Zif , Output Impedance = Zof
for a voltage-series feedback circuit which has A V=-100, Ri=10k, Ro=20kfor a
feedback of : (a)  = -0.1 and (b)  = -0.5

AV  100
( a) Negative feedback  AVf     9.09  Gain decreased
1  AV  1    100     0.1
( a) Series feedback  Zif  Zi 1  AV   10k  1    100     0.1  110k  Zi increased
Zo 20k
( a) Voltage feedback  Zof    1.82k  Zo decreased
1  AV  1    100    0.1

AV  100
(b) Negative feedback  AVf     1.96  Gain decreased more
1  AV  1    100    0.5
(b) Series feedback  Zif  Zi 1  AV   10k  1    100     0.5  510k  Zi increased more
Zo 20k
( a) Voltage feedback  Zof    0.392k  Zo decreased more
1  AV  1    100    0.5

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 10
 Advantages of Feedback Circuits
• Reduction in Frequency Distortion (Gain not vary with frequency)
A A 1
Af     if 1  A
1  A A 
 is passive (resistor ratio)  independen t of frequency
1
 Af  is also independen t of frequency


• Increased Bandwidth
Gain

No feedback A0
With feedback Af 0
Frequency
BW

BWf
In case 1 <<A condition is not true, since Gain-Bandwidth product is constant for a
given circuit, because the gain A f0 is smaller with no feedback A0 , then BWf is larger
than that of BW without feedback.
EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 11
 • Reduction in Noise and Non-linear Distortion (linearity increased)

Negative feedback tends to hold down the amount of noise and non-linear distortion,
it will reduce by an amount by the factor of (1+A At the same time, gain of the
amplifier will be reduced by the same factor. It should be noted that adding more
stages to recover the original larger gain will also increase noise and nonlinear
distortion as well. Better method is to compromise between the noise with the
required gain.

• Gain stability with feedback

If there is any change of gain without feedback due to amplifier parameters and
biasing voltages, by adding a negative feedback to this amplifier will result a smaller
% change of the gain as below:

dAf 1 dA 1 dA
   if 1  A
Af 1  A A A A
dAf 1
is therefore reduced by a factor of
Af A

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 12
 Practical Feedback Circuits
• Voltage-Series Feedback
Feedback is a voltage Vf=Vo is in series with source voltage Vs ( Series feedback)
If Ro is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback ( Voltage feedback)
VDD

RD
Vi +
 +
CD R1
R1 + +
+ Ro Vo
+ Vi Vo VS  +
+
VS  R2 Vf R2
 Vf  
 

Let RL  Ro // RD //( R1  R2 ) Vo V R2
AV  and V  f 
Vo V  R2 Vi Vo R1  R2
AV   gmRL and V  f 
Vi Vo R1  R2 Vo AV AV
AVf   
Vo AV  gmRL Vs 1  AV V  R  R2 
AVf    1  AV  1 

Vs 1  AV V  R2 R
1    gmRL   2 
R1  R2 1 R  R2 R
AVf   1  1  1 if 1  AV V 
1 R  R2  R  V R2 R2
if 1  AV V   AVf   1   1  1 
V R2  R2 

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 13
 VDD
Example:
• What Feedback type is the given amplifier? RD
• Determine the Voltage gain = AVf of the
CD
given circuit. Take gm=4000S, Ro =10k , R1 R1 +
=80k , R2=20kRD =10k + Ro
+ Vi Vo
+
VS  R2
 Vf 


• Vf is in series with source voltage Vs and if Ro is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback.

• It is a Voltage-Series Feedback

RL  Ro // RD //( R1  R2 )  10k // 10k // 100k  4.76k

Vo
AV   gmRL  4000S  4.76k  19.04
Vi
Vf  R2 20k
V     0.2
Vo R1  R2 20k  80k
Vo AV  19.04
AVf     3.96
Vs 1  AV V 1    19.04    0.2
1 1
if 1  AV V AVf    5
V  0. 2

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 14
 • Voltage-Series Feedback
Feedback is a voltage Vf=Vo is in series with source voltage Vs ( Series feedback)
If RL is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback ( Voltage feedback)
Ib hfe Ib
VCC
RC
RB hie RC
Vi
VS RB

+
+ +
Vi RE V V
VS  + f o
+
 RE V Vo 
f
 
Note that hfe=  (of BJT) and hie=hfere
Vo hfe Ib RE RE Ri  hie  hfe re
AV   
Vi hfe re Ib re  R 
Rif  Ri 1  AV V   hfe re  1  E 
Vf Vo AV re 
V   1 and AVf   
Vo Vs 1  AV V  hfe re  hfe RE
1 1
  Ro  hie
1 re 
AV  V  RE   1 Ro hie hie
Rof   
Vo RE
 1 if re  RE 
1  AG G    1   R 
AVf    1  ( RE )   1  E 
Vs  re  RE   re   re 
EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 15
 VCC
Example: RC
• What Feedback type is the given amplifier? RB

• Determine the Voltage gain = AVf , Input

Impedance = Rif , Output Impedance = Rof of +
+
Vi
the given circuit. Take h fe=100, hie=1k, RC VS  +
+
 RE V Vo
=RE=2kro =100k 
f

Rif Rof
RB//Rif RE//Rof

• Vf is in series with source voltage Vs and if Vo is shorted, Vf=0=no feedback.

• It is a Voltage-Series Feedback
1k Ri  hie  hfe re
hie  hfe re  re   10
100  R 
V h I R R 2000 Rif  Ri 1  AV V   hfe re  1  E   hfe re  hfe RE
AV  o  fe b E  E   200  re 
Vi hfe re Ib re 10
 hie  hfe RE  1k  100  2k  201k
Vf
V  1 Ro  hie
Vo
Vo AV 200 Ro hie hie
AVf     0.995 Rof   
Vs 1  AV V 1  200  1 1  AG  G    1   RE 
 1  r ( RE )   1  r 
 e   e 
1000
  4.98
 2000 
1  
 10 
EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 16
 • Current-Series Feedback
Feedback is a voltage Vf=GIo is in series with source voltage Vs ( Series feedback)
If RL is short, Vf is still there ( Current feedback)
Io
VCC Ib
RC hfe Ib ro
RB +
hie RC
Vi Vo
+ VS RB 
Vo
+ 
+ Vi
VS  +
RE V Rof
f
 RE V
f
 Note that hfe=  (of BJT)
and hie=hfere
Io  hfe Ib 1 Ri  hie  hfe re
AG   
Vi hfe re Ib re  1 
Rif  Ri 1  AG  G   hfe re  1  ( RE ) 
Vf hfe IbRE  re 
G    RE
Io  hfe Ib  hfe re  hfe RE
1 Ro  ro
Io AG re 1
 AGf    
Vs 1  AG  G 1   1   RE  re  RE 
Rof  ro 1  AG  G   ro  1 
1 
( RE ) 
r e re
 
Vo Vo Io 1  RC  R 
to find AVf     RC    ro  1  E 
Vs Io Vs re  RE rEE2603-12
e  RE  re 
Electronic Circuit Analysis 17
 VCC
Example: RC
• What Feedback type is the given amplifier? RB

• Determine the Conductance gain = AGf , +

Vo
Voltage gain = Avf , Input Impedance = Rif , + 
+ Vi
Output Impedance = Rof of the given circuit. VS  + Rof
Take hfe=100, hie=1k, RC =RE=2kro =100k  RE V
f RC//Rof

Rif
Risf
• Vf is in series with source voltage Vs and if Vo is shorted, Vf feedback is still there
• It is a Current-Series Feedback

1k Ri  hie  hfe re
hie  hfe re  re   10
100  1 
I  hfe Ib Rif  Ri 1  AG  G   hfe re  1  ( RE ) 
1 re
AG  o 
hfe re Ib re  0.1
  
Vi  hfe re  hfe RE  hie  hfe RE
Vf hfe IbRE  1k  100  2k  201k
G    RE  2000
Io  hfe Ib
Io AG  0.1
 AGf      0.49  10  3 Ro  ro  100k
Vs 1  AG  G 1  ( 0.1)( 2000)
 1 
V V I 1 Rof  ro 1  AG  G   ro  1  ( RE ) 
AVf  o  o  o  RC   re 
Vs Io Vs re  RE
 R   2000 
 RC  2000  ro  1  E   100k 1    20M
    0.995 r  10 
re  RE 2010 EE2603-12
 e 

Electronic Circuit Analysis 18

 • Voltage-Shunt Feedback
Feedback is a current If=Vo is in parallel with source current I s ( Shunt feedback)
If Vo is shorted, If=0=no feedback ( Voltage feedback)

If R 0 If R0

R1 IS IS
Ii=0 Ii=0
+Vo +Vo
VS VS/R1 R1

Vo
Vo Is 1 AR  
AVf    AVR  Ii
Is Vi R1
If 1
1  R0 R  
 R0   Vo R0
R1 R1
Vo AR 1
ARf     R0
Is 1  AR  R  R

EE2603-12
Electronic Circuit Analysis 19
 • Voltage-Shunt Feedback (see assignment as an example)
Feedback is a current If=Vo is in parallel with source current Is ( Shunt feedback)
If Vo is shorted, If=0=no feedback ( Voltage feedback)
VDD VDD VDD

RD RD RD
RF Vo RF Vo RF Vo
Vs/R s=Is=Ii Vs/Rs=Is
Rs If Ii If=0 Is If

+ Ii + Rs + Rs Ii + Rof
VS Vi Is Vi Is Vi
    Rof//RD

Ri Rif

Vi Rs
V V Ri   Rs  Rif 
no feedback If  0,  AV  o  o  gmRD Ii 1  AR R 
Vi Rs Ii
Rs Rs RF
V I 1  
 AR  o  gmRDRs and  R  f    1  RF   gmRDRs 
Ii Vo RF 1    gmRDRs  

R
 F
Vo AR  gmRDRs  gmRDRs RF
 ARf     rd
Is 1  AR  R   1 RF   gmRDRs  Ro  rd  Rof 
1    gmRDRs  
 1  AR R 
R
 F
rd rdRF
 
Vo Vo Is  gmRDRs RF 1  gmRDRF   1 RF   gmRDRs 
to find AVf       1    gmRDRs   
Vs Is Vs RF   gmRDRs  Rs RF   gmRDRs  R 
EE2603-12  F
Electronic Circuit Analysis 20