Presentation

on ATF
(AVIATION TURBINE
FLUE)
PRODUCTS AND THEIR SPECIFICATION

The following petroleum products are obtained from crude oil

1. Liquidified petroleum gas

1. 2. Motor sprit or petrol
3. Naphtha
4. Aviation turbine fuel
5. Kerosene oil
6. High speed diesel oil
7. Light diesel oil
8. Fertilizer feed stock
9. Heavy petroleum stock
10. Bitumen
11. Sulphur
Options for Piston Aviation?

Designed for:
SI Piston Engines
Mogas Local Geography Emissions
Ground Transportation

Refinery
Designed for:
Turbine Engines
Global Consistency
Jet Fuel
Aviation Transportation
(CI Piston Engines?)

Avgas Designed for:

SI Piston Engines
Global Consistency
Aviation Transportation
AVIATION
TURBINE FUEL
(ATF)
Perspective
US Transportation Fuel Production
(barrels/day)
Mogas MoDiesel Jet Avgas
4500000

1820000 1800000

AVGAS = Specialty Chemical 20000

9800000

“Avgas” stopped being a high volume commercial fuel in the early 1960’s
Product
Key Quality parameters

1.LPG
Evaporation Temperature at 95 % Volume =2 deg C,
Max
Cu Corrosion =not worse than No.1
RVP =1050 KPa, Max
2.Motor Spirit
Density =720-775 Kg/M3
RON =91 Min
Sulphur =150 ppm, Max
Benzene =1 Vol. %, Max
.ATF
Density =775-84 Kg/M3
Flash Point = 38 deg c, Min
Sulphur =0.25 wt %,Max
Smoke Point =20 mm, Min
4.SKO
Density =790-820 Kg/M3
Flash Point =35 deg c, Min
Sulphur = 0.25 wt %, Max
Smoke point = 18 mm, Min
Aviation fuel is a specialized type of
petroleum-based fuel (actually Propellant)
used to power aircraft.
 It is generally of a higher quality than fuels
used in less critical applications, such as
heating or road transport, and often contains
additives to reduce the risk of icing or
explosion due to high temperature, among
other properties.
Most aviation fuels available for aircraft are
kinds of petroleum spirit used in engines with
spark plugs (i.e. piston and Wankel rotary
engines), or fuel for jet turbine engines, which
is also used in diesel aircraft engines.
 AVIATION TURBINE FUEL
INTRODUTION:

1. It is defined as a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel

used to power aircraft.

2. It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less

critical applications such as heating or road transport, and
often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or
explosion due to high temperatures, amongst other
properties.

3. Most aviation fuels available for aircraft are kinds of

petroleum spirit used in engines with spark plugs i.e.
piston engines and Wankel rotaries or fuel for jet turbine
engines which is also used in diesel aircraft engines.
 Perspective
Kerosene Jet Fuel
(Jet-A, JP-8)

Increased Performance, Reliability & Safety

Avgas
Gasoline (100 LL)

 High performance aviation engines were made possible because

of the concurrent development of high performance aviation
fuels
◦ Aviation fuels are specifically designed for…
 Increased engine performance
 Increased reliability
 This is true for both piston and turbine aviation engines and fuels
ATF:
1. Appearance =usually clear and bright free
from.

2. Flash point = 38ºC

3. Freezing point = -50ºC

4. Smoke point = 20 mm max.

 Piston Engines Option Matrix
Paired Comparison Ranking

Fuel Type World Wide Overall Specific Fuel Composite Composite

Fuel Performance Consumption Rating for Rating for
Availability (HP/lb) Short Mission Long Mission
(< 4 hrs) (> 4 hrs)

Avgas 3 1 2 1 2

Mogas 1 2 3 2 3

Jet 2 3 1 3 1

Interesting results dependent on mission duration!

 Chemical composition

Aviation fuels consist of blends of over a thousand

chemicals, primarily hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins,
naphthenes, and aromatics), additives such as antioxidants
and metal deactivators, and impurities.

Principal components include n-heptane and isooctane.

Like other fuels, aviation fuel for spark-ignited piston

engines are described by their octane rating.

Alcohol, alcohol mixtures, and other alternative fuels may be

used experimentally, but alcohol is not permitted in any
certified aviation fuel specification.
In Brazil, the Embraer Ipanema EMB-202A
is a version of the Ipanema agricultural
aircraft with a modified Lycoming IO-540-
K1J5 engine so as to be able to run on
ethanol.
Other aircraft engines that were modified to
run on 100% ethanol were several other
types of Lycoming engines (including the
Lycoming 235N2C, and Lycoming IO-320[10]
)[11] and certain Rotax engines.[12]
Composition of ATF
Aviation turbine fuels are distillate
fractions of crude oil in boiling range
150°C -270°C,and consist predominantly
of hydrocarbon.
Minor constituents of ATFs –
sulphur,nitrogen and oxygen compounds
and traces of particulate matter and water
as contaminants.
Paraffins and naphthenesare major
compound in ATF and their ratio varies
with crude oil source.
Aromatic are present in ATFs principally
as monocyclic hydrocarbon with small
quantities of two-and three –ring
compounds.
More luminousflame than paraffins &
cause smokinessand carbon deposition.
The polynuclear aromatics results in
highly luminous flame give high radient
heat in the combustion chamber .
Ollifines are limited to 5% by vol. on
their instability,chemical reactivity and
ease with which they form.
Production of aviation fuel

The production of aviation fuel falls into two

categories: fuel suitable for turbine engines and
fuel suitable for internal combustion engines.
There are international specifications for each.
Jet fuel is used in both turboprop and jet
aircraft, and must maintain a low viscosity at
low temperature, meet definite limits in terms
of density and calorific value, burn cleanly, and
remain chemically stable when heated to high
temperature.[3]
Aviation gasoline, often referred to as "avgas",
is a highly refined form of gasoline for aircraft,
with an emphasis on purity, anti-knock
characteristics and minimization of spark plug
fouling.
 Avgas must meet performance guidelines for
both the rich mixture condition required for
take-off power settings and the leaner mixtures
used during cruise to reduce fuel consumption.
Avgas is sold in much lower volume than jet
fuel, but to many more individual aircraft
operators; whereas jet fuel is sold in high
volume to large aircraft operators, such as
airlines and military.[4]
Energy content
The net energy content for aviation fuels
depends on their composition. Some
typical values are:[9]
BP Avgas 80, 44.65 MJ/kg, density at
15°C is 690 kg/m3.
Kerosene type BP Jet A-1, 43.15 MJ/kg,
density at 15°C is 804 kg/m3.
Kerosene type BP Jet TS-1 (for lower
temperatures), 43.2 MJ/kg, density at
15°C is 787 kg/m3.
In use
Aviation fuel storage tanks at
George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston, Texas.
Aviation fuel is often dispensed from a tanker or
bowser, which is driven up to parked aircraft and
helicopters. Some airports have pumps similar to
filling stations to which aircraft must taxi. Some
airports have permanent piping to parking areas for
large aircraft.
Aviation fuel is transferred to an aircraft via one of two
methods: overwing or underwing.
Safety precautions
Any fueling operation can be very dangerous, and aviation
operations have characteristics which must be
accommodated.
 As an aircraft flies through the air, it can accumulate
static electricity.
If this is not dissipated before fueling, an electric arc could
occur and ignite fuel vapors.
To prevent this, aircraft are electrically bonded to the
fueling apparatus before fueling begins, and are not
disconnected until after fueling is complete.
Some regions require the aircraft and/or fuel truck to be
grounded too.
 Pressure fueling systems incorporate a dead man's switch
to preclude unmonitored operation.
Aviation fuel can cause severe environmental damage;
all fueling vehicles must carry equipment to control
fuel spills.
 Fire extinguishers must be present at any fueling
operation.
Airport firefighting forces are specially trained and
equipped to handle aviation fuel fires and spills.
Aviation fuel must be checked daily and before every
flight for contaminants such as water or dirt.
Many airlines now require safety belts be left
unfastened should passengers be aboard during
refueling
How is this impacting us?
On the lighter side…
Questions?
Jet-A?

Avgas?
Mogas?
THANK YOU