PLC & SCADA

Subject code :

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COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To study about PLC.

 To study about programming of PLC.
 To study an introducing knowledge about

SCADA.

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COURSE OUTCOMES:

 Ability to understand the PLC architecture.

 Ability to understand the programming of

PLC.
 Ability to understand the SCADA

07/25/2021 3
MODULE I
PLC HARDWARE& CONFIGURATION
 Analog input modules
 Analog output module
 Digital input module
 Counter or accumulator digital inputs module
 Digital output module, Mixed analog and

digital modules
 Communication interfaces
 Power supply module
 Processor module
 Logical sensors-logical actuators
 PLC operation

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 Programmable Logic
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a
specialized computer used to control machines
Controller
and processes .

It uses a programmable memory to store

instructions and execute specific functions that
include onloff control. timing. counting.
sequencing. arithmetic, and data handling.

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PLC
 PLC controller is usually the central part of an
process control system.
 With execution of a program stored in

program memory, PLC continuously monitors

status of the system through signals from
input devices.
 Based on the logic implemented in the

program, PLC determines which actions need

to be executed with output instruments

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Advantages SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Increased Reliability
 More Flexibility
 Lower Cost
 Communications Capability
 Faster Response Time
 Easier to Troubleshoot

07/25/2021 7
Classical Control panel
During sixties and seventies, relays were used to
operate automated machines, and these were
interconnected using wires inside the control panel.
In some cases a control panel covered an entire wall.

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disadvantages of a classic control panel are:

- Too much work required in connecting

wires
 - Difficulty with changes or replacements
 - Difficulty in finding errors; requiring

skillful work force

 - When a problem occurs, hold-up time is

indefinite, usually long.

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PLC based Control panel

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Advantages of PLC based control panel :
 1. Compared to a conventional process control
system, number of wires needed for connections is
reduced by 80%
 2. Consumption is greatly reduced because a PLC
consumes less than a bunch of relays
 3. Diagnostic functions of a PLC controller allow for
fast and easy error detection.
 4.Change in operating sequence or application of a
PLC controller to a different operating process can
easily be accomplished by replacing a program
through a console or using a PC software (not
requiring changes in wiring, unless addition of some
input or output device is required).

07/25/2021 11
Advantages of PLC based control
panel :

 5. Needs fewer spare parts

 6. It is much cheaper compared to a

conventional system, especially in cases

where a large number of I/O instruments are
needed and when operational functions are
complex.
 7. Reliability of a PLC is greater than that of

an electro-mechanical relay or a timer.

07/25/2021 12
Parts of PLC SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 These components are

central processing unit (CPU),
input/output (l/O) section,
power supply and
programming device.

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Parts of PLC SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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power supply SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV
 The power supply supplies dc power to
other modules that plug into the rack.
 For large PLC systems, this power supply

does not normally supply power to the field

devices.
 With larger systems, power to field devices

is provided by external alternating current

(ac) or direct current (dc)supplies.
 For small and micro PLC systems, the power

supply is used to power field devices.

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CPU SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV
 The processor (CPU) is the "brain" of the PLC.
 A typical processor (usually consists of a microprocessor
for implementing the logic and controlling the
communications among the modules.
 The processor requires memory for storing the results of
the logical operations performed by the microprocessor.
 Memory is also required for the program EPROM or EEPROM
plus RAM.
 the user can enter the desired circuit in relay ladder logic.
 The processor accepts (reads) input data from various
sensing devices. executes the stored user program from
memory. and sends appropriate output commands to
control devices.
 A direct current (dc) power source is required to produce
the low-level voltage used by the processor.
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CPU
 CPU also takes care of communication,
interconnectedness among other parts of PLC
controller, program execution, memory
operation, overseeing input and setting up of
an output.

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Programming device SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 The programming device is used to enter the

desired program into the memory of
processor.
 Ladder logic programming language uses

instead of words, graphic symbol...

 It is a special language written to make. it

easier for people familiar with relay logic

control to program

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I/O Section SCSV
SCSV
 The I/0 section consists of input modules MV
MV
and output modules .
 The I/O system forms the interface by
which field devices are connected to the
controller.
 The purpose of this interface is to
condition the various signals received
from or sent to external field devices.
 Input devices such as pushbuttons, limit
switches, sensors. Selector switches. and
thumbwheel switches are hardwired to
terminals on the input modules.
 Output devices such as small motors,
motor starters, solenoid valves. and
indicator lights are hardwired to the
terminals on the output modules.

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Inputs and Outputs Devices SCSV
SCSV
Inputs Outputs MV
MV

 Push Buttons • Motors

 Proximity switches • Solenoids
 Photoelectric • Indicator lamps
sensors • Resistive loads
 Temperature • Contactors
sensors
 Pressure sensors

Push button Motor

Pressure
Photo Sensor
Sensor
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07/25/2021 21
07/25/2021 22
Manufacturers of PLCs
 Allen Bradley
 ABB
 Siemens
 Mitsubishi PLC
 Hitachi PLC
 Delta PLC
 General Electric (GE) PLC
 Honeywell PLC

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Input/Output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

• The I/o system provides an interface between

the hardwired components in the field and the
CPU.
• A chassis is a physical hardware assembly that
houses devices such as I/o modules,processor
modules. and power supplies.
• Chassis come in different sizes according to
the number of slots they contain4, 8, 12, or 16
slots.

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Input/Output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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Input/Output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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Discrete Input/Output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 This type of interface connects field input devices of

the ON/OFF nature such as selector switches,
pushbuttons and limit switches.
 Likewise, output control is limited to devices such as
lights, small motors, solenoids, and motor starters
that require simple ON/OFF switching.
 The classification of discrete I/O covers bit oriented
inputs and outputs.
 each bit represents a complete information element
in itself and provides the status of some external
contact or advises of the presence or absence of
power in a process circuit.

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Discrete Input Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 It is interface between the Input field device

and CPU of PLC

Input modules perform four tasks in the PLC control

system.
 sense when a signal is received from a sensor on the
machine
 convert the input signal to the correct voltage level for the
particular PLC
 isolate the PLC from fluctuations in the input signal's voltage
or current
 send a Signal to the processor indicating which sensor
originated the signal

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Discrete input module of Allen-
Bradley SLC 500

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Discrete Input Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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Discrete Input Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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Interface of PLC with discrete input
devices

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Interface of PLC with discrete input
devices
 PLC must receive a signal from the sensor
through a discrete input channel.
 Inside each discrete input module is (typically) a

set of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which will be

energized when the corresponding sensing
device turns on.

07/25/2021 33
Interface of PLC with discrete input
devices
 Light from each LED shines on a photo-sensitive
device such as a photo-transistor inside the
module, which in turn activates a bit (a single
element of digital data) inside the PLC’s
memory.
 This opto-coupled arrangement makes each

input channel of a PLC rather rugged, capable of

isolating the sensitive computer circuitry of the
PLC from transient voltage “spikes” and other
electrical phenomena capable of causing
damage
07/25/2021 34
Discrete Output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Discrete output modules typically use the

same form of opto-isolation to allow the
PLC’s computer circuitry to send electrical
power to loads:
 it is composed of two basic sections:

the power section and the logic section ,

coupled by an isolation circuit.
 The output interface can be thought of as a

simple electronic switch to which power is

applied to control the output device.

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Discrete output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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Discrete output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Discrete output modules are used to turn real

world output devices either on or off.
 These modules can be used to control any two-
state device. and they are available in ac and dc
versions and in various voltage ranges and current
ratings.
 Output modules can be purchased with transistor.
triac. or relay output.
 Triac outputs can be used only for control of ac
devices. whereas transistor outputs can be used
only for control of dc devices. Relay outputs can be
used with ac or dc devices.

07/25/2021 37
Discrete output Module
 But they have a much s lower switching time
compared to solid -state outputs.
 The design of dc field devices typically

requires that they be used in a specific

sinking or sourcing circuit.
 Sinking and sourcing references are terms

used to describe a current Signal flow

relationship between field input and output
devices in a control system and their power
supply

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Interface of PLC with Output device
through discrete output module

07/25/2021 39
Analog I/O Module
 Interface with an analog sensor or control
device with CPU of PLC through ADC.
 Analog-to-Digital Converter, circuit designed

to convert an analog electrical signal into a

multi-bit binary word

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Analog signal types
 Voltage (0 to 10 volt, 0 to 5 volt)
 Current (0 to 20 mA, 4 to 20 mA)
 Thermocouple (millivoltage)
 RTD
 Strain gauge

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Type of I/O indicator SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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Sourcing SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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Sinking SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

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Analog input modules SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Analog input interface modules contain the

circuitry necessary to accept analog voltage
or current signals from analog field devices.
 These inputs are converted from an analog to

a digital value by an analog-lo-digital (AID)

converter circuit.
 The conversion value, which is proportional

to the analog signal, is expressed as a 12-bit

binary or as a 3-digit binary-coded decimal
(BCD) for use by the processor.

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Analog input interface module
connection to a thermocouple
SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 A varying dc voltage in the millivolt range. proportional tothe

temperature being monitored. is produced by the
thermocouple.
 This voltage is amplified and digitized by the analog input
module and then sent to the processor on command from a
program instruction.
 Because of the low voltage level of the input signal, a
shielded cable is used in wiring the circuit to reduce
unwanted electrical noise signals that can be induced in the
conductors from other wiring.
 This noise can cause temporary operating errors that can lead
to hazardous or unexpected machine operation

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Analog input interface module
connection to a thermocouple
SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

07/25/2021 47
Analog input modules
SCSV
SCSV
 There are two basic types of analog input modules available: MV
MV
current sensing and voltage sensing.
 Voltage input modules are available in two types:
unipolar and bipolar
 Unipolar modules can accept only one polarity for input. For
example. if the application requires the card to measure 0 to
+ 10 V. a unidirectional card would be used.
 The bipolar card will accept input of positive and negative
polarity. For example. if the application produces a voltage
between-10 V and +10 V. a bidirectional input card would be
used because the measured voltage could be negative or
positive.
 Current input modules are normally designed to measure
current in the 4mA to 20mA range.

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Analog output module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 The analog output interface module receives

from the processor digital data. which are
converted into a proportional voltage or
current to control an analog field device.

The digital data is passed through a digital-

to analog (DIA) converter circuit to produce
the necessary analog form.
 Analog output devices include small motors,

valves and analog meters.

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AC output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

07/25/2021 50
AC output Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 When the processor calls for an output, a voltage is applied

across the LED of the isolator.
 The LED then emits light, which switches the phototransistor
into conduction. This in turn (5 V dc)switches the triode DC
semiconductor switch (triac) into conduction. which in turn
turns on the lamp.
 Since the triac conducts in either direction, the output to the
lamp is alternating current. The triac, rather than having ON
and OFF status. actually has LOW and HIGH resistance levels,
respectively.
 In its OFF state (HIGH resistance), a small leakage current of
a few milliamperes still flows through the triac.
 As with input circuits, the output interface is usually provided
with LEDs that indicate the status of each output.

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Analog output module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

07/25/2021 52
PROCESSOR Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV
 The CPU contains the same type of microprocessor found
in a personal computer.
 The difference is that the program used with the
microprocessor is designed to facilitate industrial control
rather than provide general purpose computing.
 The CPU executes the operating system, manages memory,
monitors inputs, evaluates the user logic (ladder
program),and turns on the appropriate outputs.
 The CPU of a PLC system may contain more than one
microprocessor.
 The advantage of using multiprocessing is that control and
communication tasks can be divided up. And the overall
operating speed is improved.

07/25/2021 53
Processor module –Block diagram

07/25/2021 54
PROCESSOR Module SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

07/25/2021 55
Processor operating mode SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Three modes of operation (otherwise

 These modes must be accessed from the

programming device):
RUN, PROG, and REM(Remote).

07/25/2021 56
RUN Position
SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

Places the processor in the Run mode

 Executes the ladder program and energizes

output devices
 Prevents you from performing online program

editing in this position

 Prevents you from using a programmer

/operator interface device to change the

processor mode

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PROG Position
SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Places the processor in the Program mode

 Prevents the processor from scanning or

executing the ladder program. and the

controller outputs are de-energized
 Allows you to perform program entry and

editing Prevents you from using a

programmer!
 operator interface device to change the

processor mode

07/25/2021 58
REM Position
SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Places the processor in the Remote mode:

either the REMote Run, REMoteProgram. or
REMote Test mode
 • Allows you to change the processor mode

from a programmer/operator interface device

 • Allows you to perform online program

editing

07/25/2021 59
Memory SCSV
SCSV
MV
programmable logic controllers have
MV


programmable memory that allows users to

develop and modify control programs.
 This memory is made nonvolatile so that if

power is lost, the PLC holds its programming.

 PLCs make use of different types of memory

devices.
 Data are stored in memory locations by a

process called writing.

 Data are retrieved from memory by what is

referred to as reading.

07/25/2021 60
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Read-only memory (ROM) is designed so that

 information stored in memory can only be
 read and, under ordinary circumstances.

Cannot be changed.

07/25/2021 61
Random Access Memory
(RAM or R/W) SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Random access memory (RAM), often referred

to as read-write (R/W)memory is designed so
that information can be written into or read
from the memory.
 RAM is a type of solid-state memory

contained in an integrated circuit and is

commonly used for user memory .
 The user's program, timer/counter values,

input/output status and so on are stored in

RAM.

07/25/2021 62
PROM SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 The programmable readonly memory (PROM)

is a special type of ROM.
 Programmable read-only memory allows

initial andlor additional information to be

written into the chip.
 Programmable read-only memory may be

written into only once after being received

from the manufacturer.
 Programming is accomplished by pulses of

current that melt fusible links in the chip,

07/25/2021 63
EPROM SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 The erasable programmable read.only memory (EPROM) is a

specially designed PROM that can be reprogrammed after
being entirely erased with the use of an ultraviolet light
source. Also called an ultraviolet PROM (UVPROM).
 this chip has a quartz window over a silicon material that
contains the integrated circuits.
 This window is normally covered by an opaque material.
 When the opaque material is removed and the circuitry is
exposed to ultraviolet light for approximately 20 minutes, the
memory content can be erased.
 Once erased, the EPROM chip can be reprogrammed using the
programming device.

07/25/2021 64
EPROM SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 The erasable programmable read.only memory (EPROM) is a

specially designed PROM that can be reprogrammed after
being entirely erased with the use of an ultraviolet light
source. Also called an ultraviolet PROM (UVPROM).
 this chip has a quartz window over a silicon material that
contains the integrated circuits.
 This window is normally covered by an opaque material.
 When the opaque material is removed and the circuitry is
exposed to ultraviolet light for approximately 20 minutes, the
memory content can be erased.
 Once erased, the EPROM chip can be reprogrammed using the
programming device.

07/25/2021 65
EEPROM SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV
 Electrically erasable programmable readonly
memory (EEPROM) is a nonvolatile memory that
offers the same programming flexibility as does
RAM.
 The EEPROM can be electrically overwritten with

new data instead of being erased with ultraviolet

light.
 Because the EEPROM is nonvolatile memory, it

does not require battery backup.

 It provides permanent storage of the program.

and can be changed easily using standard

programming devices.
07/25/2021 66
Power supply Module
 Thepower supply module is a necessary and
important component of the control system.

 Itis used to safely regulate and supply the

voltage necessary for the PLC and other
modules installed on the rack.

 The module is typically installed in the first

slot of the rack.

07/25/2021 67
Power supply Module
Selecting a Power Supply
 The output voltage of the power supply that we use
is typically 24 volts DC.
 The output current varies depending on the

number of the modules needed in the control

system.
 For instance, this output current could be 2, 5 or

10 Ampere.
 Depending on which and how many modules are

used, the output current of the power supply may

need to be higher.

07/25/2021 68
Power supply Module

07/25/2021 69
Power supply Module
Wiring the module
 The power supply is fed directly from a 110

or 220 Volt AC voltage power outlet that it’s

plugged into.
 It usually converts that voltage into a 24 Volt

DC voltage output that will safely power the

PLC and other modules installed on the rack.
 To make this voltage available to the control

system modules, we have to do the wiring

between each individual module and the
power supply.
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 This wiring is also necessary with modular
PLC’s. In compact PLC’s this wiring is internal
and already built in therefore no wiring is
necessary. In some cases the power supply
can be connected to the CPU using a U-
shaped connector.

07/25/2021 71
Special I/o MODULES SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

High-Speed Counter Module

 The high-speed counter module is used to provide an
interface for applications requiring counter speeds that
surpass the capability of the PLC ladder program.
 High-speed counter modules are used to count pulses from
sensors, encoders and switches at very high speeds.
 They have the electronics needed to count independently of
the processor.
 Atypical count rate available is 0 to 75 kHz. which means the
module would be able to count 75.000 pulses per second.

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Counter Module
 A count module senses fast pulses, from
sources such as shaft angle encoders,
through several input ports.
 Counting frequency can be as high as 2 MHz

and a typically, a counter of length 16 bit or

more can count up and down.
 Counter modules can often also be applied

for time and frequency measurement and as a

frequency divider.

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Counter module hardware
 An interface to the processor through the
system bus
 An counter electronics block
 An quartz controlled frequency generator and
 An frequency divider.

07/25/2021 74
A counter can be programmed in
many ways

 Count mode binary or BCD coded

 Count once or cyclically
 Count on rising or falling edge
 Count up or down
 Counting of internal clock or external pulses

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Encoder-Counter Module
SCSV
SCSV
 The encoder-counter module allows continual MV
MV

monitoring of an incremental or absolute

encoder.
 Encoders keep track of the position of shafts or

axes.
 Gray code is common for absolute encoders,

with position determined by decoding the Gray

code.
 This module allows the user to read the signal

from the encoder on a real-time basis and

stores this information so it can be read later by
the processor.

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Stepper Motor Module
SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 The stepper-motor module provides pulse

trains to a stepper-motor translator. which
enables control of a stepper motor.
 The commands for the module are determined

by the control program in the PLC.

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PLC Communication Interface
Serial communication
 Serial communication is when data is

transmitted one bit at a time.

 A data word has to be separated into its

constituent bits for transmission and then

reassembled into the word when received.
 Serial communication is used for transmitting

data over long distances.

07/25/2021 78
Serial communication

07/25/2021 79
Transmission Modes in Serial Communication

 Simplex Method
 Half Duplex Method
 Full Duplex Method

Simplex Method
simplex method is one-way communication
technique.
The well-known examples of simplex method
are Television and Radio
sender or receiver can be active at a time

07/25/2021 80
Transmission Modes in Serial
Communication
Half Duplex Method
both sender and receiver can be active but not
at the same time
The well-known examples of the half duplex is
the internet where the user sends a request
for a data and the gets it from server.

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Transmission Modes in Serial
Communication
Full Duplex Method:
 In full duplex method, both receiver and

transmitter can send data to each other at the

same time.
 The well-known example is mobile phone.

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Clock Synchronization

 Synchronous Serial Interface and

Asynchronous Serial Interface.

 Synchronous Serial Interface:

 It is a point-to-point connection from a

master to slave.
 all the devices use single CPU bus to share

data and clock.

 The data transmission becomes faster with

same bus to share clock and data.

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07/25/2021 84
Synchronous Serial Interface:

 In transmitter side, there is a shift of the data

onto serial line providing the clock as a
separate signal
 there is no start, stop and parity bits are

added to data.
 In receiver side, the data is being extract

using the clock provided by the transmitter

and converts the serial data back to the
parallel form.
 The well-known examples are I2C and SPI

07/25/2021 85
Asynchronous Serial Interface:

 In asynchronous Serial Interface, the external

clock signal is absent.
 The Asynchronous Serial Interfaces can be

seen in mostly in long distance applications

and are a perfect fit for the stable
communication.
 n asynchronous Serial Interface the absence

of external Clock Source makes it rely on

several parameters such as Data Flow
Control, Error Control, Baud Rate Control,
Transmission Control and Reception Control.
07/25/2021 86
Asynchronous Serial Interface:

07/25/2021 87
Asynchronous Serial Interface:

 On the transmitter side, there is a shifting of

parallel data onto the serial line using its own
clock. Also it adds the start, stop and parity
check bits.
 On the receiver side, the receiver extracts the

data using its own clock and convert the

serial data back to the parallel form after
stripping off the start, stop, and parity bits. 
  The well-known examples are RS-232, RS-

422 and RS-485.

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PLC Communication Interface
START/STOP Bits
 start bit.

◦ This is a synchronizing bit added just before each

character we are sending. This is considered a
SPACE or negative voltage or a 0.
 stop bit.
◦ This bit tells us that the last character was just
sent.
This is considered a MARK or positive voltage or a
1.

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PLC Communication Interface
 Parity bit
Parity bit is added to check whether
corruption has occurred.
 Common forms of parity are: None, Even, and

Odd.
 During transmission, the sender calculates

the parity bit and sends it.

 The receiver calculates parity for the

character and compares the result to the

parity bit received.
 If the calculated and real parity bits don’t

match, an error occurred and we act

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 Baud rate
it is the number of bits per second that are
being transmitted or received. Common
values (speeds) are 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600,
19200, and 38400.
 RS232 data format

RS232 data format (baud rate-data

bitsparity-stop bits). 9600-8-N-1 means a
baud rate of 9600, 8 data bits, parity of
None, and 1 stop bit.

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 Software handshaking
Software handshaking (flow control) is used
to make sure both devices are ready to
send/receive data.
 The most popular “character flow control” is

called XON/XOFF.
 The receiver sends the XOFF character when

it wants the transmitter to pause sending

data.
 When it’s ready to receive data again, it sends

the transmitter the XON character.

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RS-232 Communications

 RS232 is a standard protocol used for serial

communication, it is used for connecting
computer and its peripheral devices to allow
serial data exchange between them.

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Features of RS232
 It is an asynchronous communications
method
 It is used in serial communication up to 50

feet with the rate of 1.492kbps.

 As EIA defines, the RS232 is used for

connecting Data Transmission Equipment

(DTE) and Data Communication Equipment
(DCE).
 We use a binary system to transmit our data

in the ASCII format.

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RS 232
DTE – Data Terminal Equipment and a common example is a computer.

DCE – Data Communications Equipment and a common example is a

modem.
PLC may be either a DTE or DCE device.

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Signals
TXD -TRANSMITTER
 RXD- RECEIVER
 RTS -REQUEST TO SEND
 CTS -CLEAR TO SEND
 GND- GROUND

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RS-232 Communications
 PLCs serial port is used for transmission/reception
of the data, it works by sending/receiving a
voltage, With RS232, normally, a 1 bit is
represented by a voltage -12 V, and a 0 by a
voltage +12 V.
 (The voltage between +/- 3 volts is considered
There are 2 types of RS-232 devices.)
 DTE – Data Terminal Equipment and a common
example is a computer.

 DCE – Data Communications Equipment and a

common example is a modem.
PLC may be either a DTE or DCE device.
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RS 232 data format

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RS-485 interface

 RS-485 is one of multi-drop communication

that allows us to ‘talk’ to multiple devices at
the same time.
 According to the standard, up to 32 devices

can be connected at the same time.

 Maximum distance from end to end can be

up to 1200 meters.
 By using repeaters, however, both the total

number of devices and maximum distance

can be extended.

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RS-485 interface
 RS-485 network can be used as a two-wire or
four-wire network.
 The four wire network would be bidirectional

(a simultaneous two way conversation can

happen) whereas the two wire network works
only in one direction.
 It is either a 3 or 5 wire system. The third or

fifth wire is actually a ground wire.

 RS-485 can be used with data rates up to 10

Mbit/s or, at lower speeds

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0
RS-485 interface
 The RS-485 disadvantage is that it is harder
to program, because it uses the same 2 wires
to send and receive data.
 And in any given network, only one node can

transmit data, other nodes can only receive at

that particular moment.
 On the advantages side, it supports long

distance communications with no problems.

 It also uses lower interface signal levels than

the RS-232, which makes the interface circuit

harder to damage.
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1
PLC Communication Interface
 Serial standards
RS-232 communications is the most popular
method of plc to external device
communications.
 RS 232 is a communication interface included

under SCADA applications.

 Other standards such as RS422 and RS423

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2
PLC Operation SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 Here a mixer motor is to be used

to automatically stir the liquid in a
vat when the temperature and
pressure reach preset values.
 In addition, direct manual
operation of the motor is provided
by means of a separate pushbutton
station.
 The process is monitored with
temperature and pressure sensor
switches that close their respective
contacts when conditions reach
their preset values.

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3
PLC Operation SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 This control problem can be solved using the

relay method for motor control
 The motor starter coil (M) is energized when

both the pressure and temperature switches

are closed or when the manual pushbutton is
pressed.

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4
 SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

 For the program to operate, the controller is

placed in the RUN mode or operating cycle.
 During each operating cycle, the controller

examines the status of input devices,

executes
 the user program, and changes outputs

accordingly.
 Each H- can be thought of as a set of

normally open (NO) contacts. The -{)- can be

considered to represent a coil that. When
energized, will close a set of contacts.
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5
Ladder diagram SCSV
SCSV
MV
MV

07/25/2021 10
6
References:
Text Books:
  Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers by
Garry Dunning, Thomson,2nd Edition,Thomson,
ISBN: 981-240-625-5 .
 Programmable logic controller by Frank D

Petrazella, Mcgraw hill higher education, 3rd

Edition.
 Computer control of Process by M. Chidambaram,

Narosha Publishing
  Computer based Industrial Control by Krishna

Kant, PHI ,2004

 Programmable Logic Controllers, JR Hackworth,

Pearson Education,1st Edition,2003

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7