FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS

DR. ANIS NAZIHAH BINTI MAT DAUD

THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS

Sign Explanation

+W Work is done by the system

-W Work is done on the system

Sign Explanation

+Q Heat enters the system

-Q Heat leaves the system

WORK DONE DURING VOLUME
CHANGES
dW  F dx

Since F  PA ,

dW  PA dx

Since A dx  dV ,

dW  P dV
W  VVi f P dV
WORK DONE DURING VOLUME
CHANGES
PATHS BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC
STATES
PATHS BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC
STATES

Path 1 to Path 3
• The work done by the system
is the area under the line

Path 3 to Path 2
• No work is done
PATHS BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC
STATES

Path 1 to Path 4
• No work is done

Path 4 to Path 2
• The work done by the system
is the area under the line
PATHS BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC
STATES

Path 1 to Path 2
• The work done by the system
is the area under the line
PATHS BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC
STATES

• the work done by the system depends not only on the

initial and final states, but also on the intermediate states
—that is, on the path.
INTERNAL ENERGY

• Internal energy: the sum of the kinetic energies of all of its constituent
particles, plus the sum of all the potential energies of interaction among these
particles.
• cyclic process: a process that eventually returns a system to its initial state
• internal energy of an isolated system is constant
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The internal energy of a system
changes from an initial value to a
final value of due to heat and
work.

U  U f  U i  Q  W

U f  initial internal energy

U i  final internal energy
Q  heat
W  work
EXERCISE

A gas in a cylinder expands from a volume of 0.100 m3 to 0.420 m3.

Heat flows into the gas just rapidly enough to keep the pressure constant
at 1.75 × 105 Pa during the expansion. The total heat added is 1.05 × 105
J.
(a) Find the work done by the gas. (Answer: 5.60 × 104 J)
(b) Find the change in internal energy of the gas. (Answer: 4.90 × 10 4 J)
EXERCISE

When water is boiled at a pressure of 1.50 atm, the heat of vaporization

is 2.20 × 106 J/kg and the boiling point is 120oC. At this pressure, 1.00
kg of water has a volume of 1.00 × 10-3 m3, and 1.00 kg of steam has a
volume of 0.824 m3.
•Compute the work done when 1.00 kg of steam is formed at this
temperature. (Answer: 1.25 × 105 J)
•Compute the increase in internal energy of the water. (Answer: 2.074 ×
106 J)
EXERCISE

Three moles of an ideal monatomic gas with an initial temperature of

125oC expand and, in the process, absorb 1450 J of heat and do 2150 J
of work. What is the final temperature of the gas? (Answer: 106.29oC)
QUIZ/FORUM

Explain human metabolism using the first law of thermodynamics.