MULTI STOREY PARKING

INTRODUCTION TYPES OF PARKING FLOOR PARKING LAYOUT

• A multistorey car park or a parking garage is SYSTEM PARALLEL ANGLE 90°
a building (or part thereof) which is • Parallel parking requires experience, • Effective in low turnover rate or long term parking areas,
designed specifically to be for automobile 1. Mechanical elevator/automated confidence, and patience. the perpendicular, or 90 degree parking configuration is
parking and where there are a number of parking • Parking spaces (min ); the most efficient and economical since it accommodates
floors or levels on which parking takes 7.5 meters long the most vehicles per linear meter.
place. 2. Conventional parking / self parking 2.75 meters wide.
a) Floor system • Standard dimensions for this configuration are:
• It is essentially a stacked parking lot.  Split Advantages
 Sloping • Works well in extremely narrow, linear Description Dimension
• It is limited to 5 till 6 stories with the total spaces Parking space width 2.75 meters
capacity up to 500 cars per lot. b) Layout • Requires minimum pavement area Parking space length 6 meters
Degree parking
 Parallel Driving aisle width (2-way) 7 meters
dimensions
• Apply multiple access and exit system to  Perpendicular Disadvantages Two rows plus aisle width 19 meters V
and geometry
avoid traffic congestion in and out.  60 • Difficult maneuvering for most drivers Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 82
 45 • Less than ideal visibility of adjacent traffic
CRITERIA FOR THE QUALITY  30 • Inefficient use of on-street space Advantages
MULTISTOREY CAR PARKS • Works well with either one-or two-way aisles
• Safety in use c) Ramps system • Handles the most vehicles per square meter of
• Clear visibility i. Types pavement
• Parking-space marking to enable drivers to  Curve • Handles most vehicles per linear meter
remember the location of their vehicles  Straight Disadvantages
• Integration into the context of town planning • Requires widest area
• Clear views to the outside ii. System • Difficult maneuvering for some drivers
• Good natural lighting and ventilation • Two-way traffic can create some visibility problems 90 degree parking pattern

ANGLE 60° Adjacent
•  a Clearway
Ideal for fast turnover rate or predominantly short term Angle 45°
use • The 45 degree angled parking configuration displays similar
GENERAL GUIDELINES • Often offset by difficulties of inefficient circulation
 Basement parking benefits and limitations as the 60 degree.
patterns and one-way aisles • Standard dimensions for this configuration are:
• Appropriate for residential area, apartment, commercial complex, office complex
and for area around airport that has building high control limit Description dimension
•Standard dimensions for this configuration are: Parking space width 2.75meters
 Podium parking 60 degree parking Parking space length 6 meters
Description Dimension Driving aisle width (1-way) 4.5 meters
• For medium and high density residential area, plus, office complex. Ground level dimensions and
Parking space width 2.75 meters Two rows plus aisle width 14 meters
until level 4 are used for the parking area, while residential units, office and other geometry
Parking space length 6 meters Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 52.5
functional spaces are located above the parking level Driving aisle width (1-way) 5.5 meters
Two rows plus aisle width 16.5 meters Advantages 45 degree parking
 Independent building for multistorey car parking dimensions and
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 65.6 •Reduced width requirements for layout
• For all building types that have large and adequate area for parking, such as low geometry
Advantages •easy maneuvering in and out of parking spaces
cost apartment, trade and city center, park and ride system at LRT station or railway • in and out of parking spaces
station, bus station, institution, sport complex and mosque •good visibility to the rear
• Good visibility
• Normally built separately if the building function is different • Lends itself to either one-or two-way aisles Disadvantages
• Most common short term parking configuration •Doesn't work well with two-way aisles
 Roof top parking
• Appropriate for shopping complex (less that 5 stories) because it saves cost •requires more pavement per vehicle than perpendicular
Disadvantages parking configuration
compared to basement parking • Requires more pavement per vehicle than 60 degree parking one-
perpendicular configuration way and two-way 45 degree parking pattern
RAMP SYSTEM patterns ANGLE 30°
• Handles less vehicles per linear meter • Standard dimensions for this configuration are:
 Clearway parking  Adjacent parking
• Interfloor travel path completely • Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access RAMP DESIGN Description Dimension
separated from potentially conflicting aisles. Parking space width 2.75 meters
parking unparking movements. • Requires less area per parking stall.  Opposed ramp design  Parallel Parking space length 6 meters
• Provide safest movement with least • Twofold use of travel paths. • Vehicles rotate in the same direction • Up and down ramp slope in the Driving aisle width (1-way) 7 meters
delay. • Feasible for smaller land parcel. • Up and down ramps in opposite direction same direction Two rows plus aisle width 19 meters
• Preferred for self park design. • More susceptible to traffic movement delays. • Required ramp surfaces to be opposed • Ramp surfaces are parallel Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 39.430
• Feasible for small garage sites. • Has potential in causing accident. • The operation is safer • Vehicles must rotate in opposite Advantages
direction • Easy parking
• Cheaper to • Reduced width requirements for layout
construct
Disadvantages
• Requires the most pavement per vehicle 30 degree
Parallel ramp design • Doesn't work well with two-way aisles parking
pattern
Opposed ramp DATE:
design
DRG NO: ACT 3 SYED AZIZ | 3PD15AT058 | VII SEM |
SIGNATURE SHEET NO:
 SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE

WHAT IS SCC ?
COMPARISON OF SCC OVER NCC: USES:
SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE (SCC) IS A SPECIAL TYPE
OF CONCRETE WHICH CAN BE PLACED AND CONSOLIDATED UNDER ITS
OWN WEIGHT WITHOUT ANY VIBRATION EFFORT DUE TO ITS EXCELLENT
DEFORMABILITY, AND WHICH AT THE SAME TIME IS COHESIVE ENOUGH
TO BE HANDLED WITHOUT SEGREGATION OR BLEEDING.

ADVANTAGES : DIS-ADVANTAGES:
* MATERIAL SELECTION IS MORE STRICT.
SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE BENEFITS
•IMPROVED CONSTRUCTABILITY. * CONSTRUCTION COSTS INCREASE, COMPARED WITH
•LABOR REDUCTION. REGULAR CONCRETE.
•BOND TO REINFORCING STEEL. * MANY TRIAL BATCHES AND LABORATORY TESTS ARE
•IMPROVED STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY. REQUIRED TO USE A DESIGNED MIXTURE.
•ACCELERATES PROJECT SCHEDULES. * HIGHER PRECISION IS REQUIRED WHEN MEASURING AND
•REDUCES SKILLED LABOR. MONITORING.
•FLOWS INTO COMPLEX FORMS. *THE USE OF DESIGNED MIX WILL REQUIRE MORE TRIAL
•REDUCES EQUIPMENT WEAR. BATCHES AND LAB TESTS
*THE MATERIAL SELECTION FOR SCC IS MORE STRINGENT.

MATERIALS USED FOR SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE :

1. CEMENT
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT EITHER 43 OR 53 GRADE CEMENT CAN BE USED.
2.AGGREGATES
THE SIZE OF THE AGGREGATES USED FOR SCC DESIGN IS LIMITED TO 20MM. IF THE
REINFORCEMENT EMPLOYED FOR THE STRUCTURE IS CONGESTED, THE AGGREGATE SIZE MATERIALS USED PLAY VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN DETERMING THE
USED CAN BE IN THE RANGE 10 TO 12MM. WELL GRADED AGGREGATES EITHER ROUND OR WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE, ESPECIALLY IN SCC. THE AGGREGATES
CUBICAL SHAPE ARE A BEST CHOICE. THAT ARE TO BE USED SHOULD STRICTLY ADHERE TO THE CODE AND IN
3. WATER : CASE OF COARSE AGGREGATE, MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE TO BE USED TESTING OF SCC IN THE FIELD :
THE QUALITY OF WATER USED IS SAME THAT FOLLOWED FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR GOOD WORKABILITY SHOULD 14 MM
AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.
4.ADMIXTURES : SLUMP FLOW TEST V-FUNNEL TEST
THE MINERAL ADMIXTURES USED CAN VARY BASED ON THE MIX DESIGN AND PROPERTIES
REQUIRED. MENTIONED BELOW ARE THE DIFFERENT MINERAL ADMIXTURES THAT CAN BE
USED AND THEIR RESPECTIVE PROPERTIES THEY PROVIDE.
5. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES :
NEW GENERATION SUPERPLASTICIZERS ARE COMMONLY USED IN SCC MIX DESIGN. IN
ORDER TO IMPROVE THE FREEZE AND THAW RESISTANCE OF THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE,
AIR ENTRAINING AGENTS ARE USED. TO CONTROL THE SETTING TIME, RETARDERS ARE
TYPES
EMPLOYED.OF3. WATER
CONCRETE
: AVAILABLE WITH ITS PRICES : SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE
READY MIXED CONCRETE RMC READY MIXED CONCRETE M15 GRADE MIXED CONCRETE

RS.4500/- PER CUBIC METER RS.5000/- PER CUBIC METER RS.45000/- PER CUBIC METER
L BOX TEST U-BOX TEST

SIGNATURE DATE:
SELF - COMPACTING CONCRETE DRG NO:
SHEET NO:
BCM-VISAFIULLAH MAAZ | 3PD16AT034 | VI SEM |
 GROUND-GRANULATED BLAST-FURNACE SLAG (GGBS OR GGBFS)

WHAT IS GGBF ?
 (GGBS OR GGBFS) IS OBTAINED BY QUENCHING MOLTEN IRON SLAG (A BY-PRODUCT OF IRON AND
STEEL-MAKING) FROM A BLAST FURNACE IN WATER OR STEAM, TO PRODUCE A GLASSY, GRANULAR
PRODUCT THAT IS THEN DRIED AND GROUND INTO A FINE POWDER. GROUND-GRANULATED BLAST
FURNACE SLAG IS HIGHLY CEMENTITIOUS AND HIGH IN CSH (CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATES) WHICH IS
A STRENGTH ENHANCING COMPOUND WHICH IMPROVES THE STRENGTH, DURABILITY AND
APPEARANCE OF THE CONCRETE.

HOW GGBF IS USED ?

GGBS CEMENT CAN BE ADDED TO CONCRETE IN THE CONCRETE MANUFACTURER'S BATCHING PLANT,
ALONG WITH PORTLAND CEMENT, AGGREGATES AND WATER. THE NORMAL RATIOS OF AGGREGATES
AND WATER TO CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL IN THE MIX REMAIN UNCHANGED. GGBS IS USED AS A
DIRECT REPLACEMENT FOR PORTLAND CEMENT, ON A ONE-TO-ONE BASIS BY WEIGHT. REPLACEMENT
LEVELS FOR GGBS VARY FROM 30% TO UP TO 85%. TYPICALLY 40 TO 50% IS USED IN MOST
INSTANCES.

APPLICATIONS :
GGBS IS USED TO MAKE DURABLE CONCRETE
STRUCTURES IN COMBINATION WITH ORDINARY
PORTLAND CEMENT AND/OR
OTHER POZZOLANIC MATERIALS. GGBS HAS BEEN
WIDELY USED IN EUROPE, AND INCREASINGLY IN
THE UNITED STATES AND IN ASIA (PARTICULARLY
IN JAPAN AND SINGAPORE) FOR ITS SUPERIORITY
IN CONCRETE DURABILITY, EXTENDING THE
LIFESPAN OF BUILDINGS FROM FIFTY YEARS TO A
HUNDRED YEARS

TWO MAJOR USES OF GGBS ARE IN THE

PRODUCTION OF QUALITY-IMPROVED SLAG
CEMENT, NAMELY PORTLAND BLAST
FURNACE CEMENT (PBFC) AND HIGH-SLAG
BLAST-FURNACE CEMENT (HSBFC), WITH
GGBS CONTENT RANGING TYPICALLY FROM
30 TO 70%; AND IN THE PRODUCTION
OF READY-MIXED OR SITE-BATCHED
DURABLE CONCRETE

ADVANTAGES : DIS-ADVANTAGES :

 GOOD WORKABILITY WHICH HELPS IN BETTER  ADDITIONAL QUALITY CONTROL COSTS.

PLACING AND COMPACTION.
 THE PORE STRUCTURE BECOMES MORE COARSE.
 DUE TO THE LESS HEAT OF HYDRATION THE
TEMPERATURE RISE WILL BE LESS AVOIDING THE RISK  SELF-FREEZE DURABILITY DETERIORATES.
OF  THERMAL CRACKING IN LARGE VOLUME OF
CONCRETE.  INTERIOR WORKABILITY AND COHESION IN FRESH
CONCRETE.
 HIGH RESISTANCE TO CHLORIDE ATTACK WHICH
REDUCES THE RISK OF CORROSION IN CONCRETE.  SLOW AND SMALL HYDRATION HEAT, NOT SUITABLE IN
PRECAST FACTORIES OR DURING WINTER
 HIGH RESISTANCE TO SULPHIDE ATTACK AND ALSO CONCRETING.
OTHER CHEMICALS.
 PERMEABILITY INCREASES AT A LATER AGE
 GOOD SUSTAINABILITY. (CARBONATION).

SIGNATURE DATE:
SELF - COMPACTING CONCRETE DRG NO:
SHEET NO:
BCM-VISAFIULLAH MAAZ | 3PD16AT034 | VI SEM |