RM

Title:
Anthropological study of a typical drought prone village- strategies/framework for sustainable habitat policy.

Guided by: Dr. Vijayalxmi Iyer

Subham Das, 1200500115, M.Arch( S.A), 2nd Sem, SPA Vijayawada, 2020-21
Abstract:

1. Purpose: Drought prone villages, facing the problems of agricultural productivity, lack of alternative livelihood options, predominance of wastelands, inadequate water
supply, absence of physical and socio-cultural infrastructure and housing level deficiencies. The research paper aim to develop a comprehensive policy framework to mitigate
the socio-economic, environmental issues against the vulnerability.

2. Design/methodology/approach: An anthropological study focusing on the dynamics of drought in economy, ecology and culture of a typical agrarian village of Purulia
District in West Bengal from micro to macro level to understand the consequences of drought.

3. Findings: The results of the study indicating the ecological vulnerability like extreme climatic condition, un cropped wasteland, rocky undulating soil, top soil erosion and
human made contingencies like deforestation, absence of water conservation, overutilization of existing waterbodies resulting in water scarcity, ecological degradation and
absence of major agrarian activity. Also absence of alternative livelihood practices (agro-forestry based, non farm), knowledge regarding drought mitigation, sustainable living
practices, inadequate physical infrastructure and pressing issues in housing with population growth results in degradation of socio-economic profile, loss of natural resource
and poor living condition which increases risk of habitat loss with regular drought occurrence.

4. Research limitations/implications: The study is a based on a typical drought prone village with agrarian livelihood of the Rarh region in West Bengal which can be adaptive,
improvised according to varied livelihood with particular geographical, climatic vulnerability and cultural resonance.

5. Uniqueness: The major research gap observed with only focus upon the geophysical and meteorological characteristics, the anthropo-geographical aspects like local ecology,
local patterns of livelihood and strategies regarding drought management are largely overlooked and hardly any research have done based on policy framework towards
ensuring the security of food and livelihood in these disaster prone neighborhood.

6. Practical/social implications: The framework can be optimized as model to facilitate integrated measure for ecological and economic sustainability against the drought with
diversified livelihood opportunities, environmental upgradation, augmentation of physical infrastructure, retrofitting strategies of housing for future expansion and
optimization of socio-cultural space which will foster sustainable living, cohesive social well-being and resource optimization.

Keywords
Anthropology; Drought prone; Habitat framework policy; Landscape & ecology; Rural Housing; Sustainable livelihood; Village upgradation
1. Introduction:
1.1 Dynamics of Drought, economy, ecology, culture and its consequences in Indian context-
Drought has become unavoidable since it is a consequence of its geological, topographical, hydro meteorological factors and climate
change phenomena. Drought not only affects the economic strata and causes the degradation of natural resources but also vividly
influences their socio-cultural practices. While the irregularity in the monsoon cause for the recurrence of drought having an adverse
effect on the physical environment, social causes like mismanagement and over exploitation of resources damaging the ecological
base. Consequently, the economic imbalance leads to social and cultural disruption. A study report assessing the resilience of
terrestrial ecosystem to drought at the district and State level from 2000 to 2014, Figure 1. showing only 32 % area of India covered
the resilient districts and remaining  68% of area was non-resilient, with the severely non-resilient districts alone covering nearly 30%
of the are and about 65% of the districts with less than 20% forest cover were non-resilient. the report also shows that 42% districts
with temperate climate had higher tendency to be resilient than the ones with tropical (32%) and dry (38%) climate.
Developing an effective strategy to deal with the recurrence of drought has been an integral part of the post-independence Indian
planning strategy, although there is hardly any noteworthy achievement. Therefore, the government need to prepare a policy
framework towards ensuring the security of food and livelihood is these disaster prone neighborhood. Figure 1: Map showing the resilience of different districts
in India; Source:- science chronicle ,23rd October,2018

1.2 Research Gap

From the literature review it can be summarized that drought-prone areas lacks a holistic approach because it takes into account only the geophysical characteristics and
meteorological factors, whereas anthropo-geographical aspects like local ecology, local patterns of livelihood and local strategies of drought management are largely
overlooked and very often the failures of formulation and implementation of public policy are camouflaged through reiterating the emphasis on 'drought as a natural calamity.
Therefore the rationale behind the coping strategies of the farmers of drought-prone areas should be taken into consideration by the policy makers and planners in order to make
the government's strategies for drought management more effective. Apart from affecting the economy of the people drought also affects the local ecology and the cultural
practices since these are interrelated to each other. Therefore, the relationship between the social structure- the local economy, ecology and cultural practices must be
understood as a whole, since the pre-drought physical environment and post-drought social milieu are interlinked in a chain process, which converts 'meteorological drought' into
'hydrological drought, the 'hydrological drought' into 'agricultural drought', the 'agricultural drought' into 'food drought' and the 'food drought' into 'economic drought‘.

1.3 Sustainable framework to assess rural vulnerability against drought

Various approaches are used in order to assess vulnerability to extreme natural hazards. While vulnerability assessments do often take into account livelihoods or required assets
for a sustainable means of living, the number of frameworks which definitely analyze the livelihood vulnerability to natural hazards are limited. The sustainable livelihoods
framework, which typically consisted of natural, social, financial, physical and human capitals is particularly the most relevant to understand vulnerability to drought. Although the
sustainable livelihoods framework offers many useful insights about micro-level details of household’s livelihood and considers the wider context in which those livelihoods
operate, it has a number of limitations. This study may be applied as a integrated framework assessment to mitigate ecological, livelihood and socio-cultural vulnerability in rural
fabric against drought.

1.4 Aim and objective of the research

The present study in the above context, intends to examine the dynamics of drought on the lives of rural people from three different perspectives: economy, ecology, and socio-
cultural practices and to provide a comprehensive framework in all three parameters for holistic upgradation of rural habitat. As underdeveloped economy of the drought prone
rural neighborhood must not be understood primarily as a techno economic problem, rather due to ecological vulnerability and socio-cultural problem as it is the product of a
low agricultural productivity, lack of alternative livelihood options, predominance of wastelands, inadequate water supply, absence of physical and socio-cultural
infrastructure in a complex setting.
2. Methodology of the Study
An anthropological study is layered with primary survey and documentation from secondary sources for the detail assessment of Dumdumi, a typical drought prone village of
Purulia District. The study is done from macro or neighbourhood level to micro or plot level to understand the challenges and dynamics of drought on the ecological, physical and
lastly socio cultural aspects of the rural fabric. In the macro level study, it comprises of present demographics, connectivity, major agrarian livelihood calendar and physical
characteristics on of the whole neighbourhood. Then the study elaborated with seasonal Calendar, poverty index of the whole neighbourhood to asses the the socio-economic
and socio cultural scenario of the rural habitat, which will indicate the impact of drought on the rural fabric and its people also their inter-relationship and a comparative cluster
level assessment to understand the household characters and its relevance in housing , livelihood and issues of sustainable living practices. Further a sample cluster of the village
is taken for the plot wise assessment of the tangible and intangible transformation of the dwelling units on the basis of transition of housing spaces due to family growth and
qualitative aspects to assess the pressing issues of housing and to develop a comprehensive policy level framework of the rural neighbourhood.
2.1 Study Area : Purulia, West Bengal
In this research paper, Dumdumi village under (Jabarrah panchayat)in Purulia district of West Bengal is taken as a sample case. Purulia district is severely hit by drought very
often and is ranked 16th and 15th in HDI and GDI index of West Bengal(Source: District census handbook of West Bengal, 2011) Which shows its potential to conduct this research
to investigate the challenges and to reach the goal.
i. Location, Physiography
District Purulia, with its funnel like shape, is located in the western most part, the ‘Rarh’ region of West Bengal. The other three part of the district is bounded by the state of
Jharkhand. The eastern part is bounded by the districts of Barddhaman, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur. The topographical feature shows gradual decent from the uneven
Chhota Nagpur plateau to the plain land of the state in the east.
ii. Climate, Rainfall
Purulia is known for its extreme climate where temperature varies from 7ºCelsius in winter to 46.5º Celsius in summer and the rainfall characterizes the climate of the District.
South-west monsoon is the principal source of rainfall. Average annual rainfall during last 50 years is 1357 mm. The relative humidity is high in monsoon season, being 75% to 85%
but in summer it comes down to 25% to 35%. It has been observed that medium type of drought occurs once in every 3 years and severe type of drought attacks once in every
10 years in the District thought the annual rainfall has increased from 798 mm to 1558 mm in the past decade.(Source: Meteorological Department, Govt. of India)

iii. Ground Water table, water scarcity

The district is normed as drought prone as par official records, it possesses only 9972 tanks and 4312 wells. Purulia is one of the most backward district of West Bengal and highly
dependent on rural economy. But water scarcity is a regular phenomenon, which has huge negative impacts on development of Purulia. Water development is linked closely
with poverty reduction especially in low income countries that are highly dependent on rural economy (UN-WATER,2006). On the other hand, the indicator of water level in land
area shows that water level rises up to 7 meters bgl during July to October and reduces up to 100 meter bgl during rest of the year and as per the reports only 13.78% of the net
groundwater reserve is being utilized among the blocks at present, thus a huge potential is left untouched.
iv. Forest resource
The natural forests of the district are primarily of damped and deciduous in nature and restricted to north-west part of the district covering Ayodhya hills and Panchet hills of
north-east. Sal (Shorea robusta) the most prevalent tree species has a dense growth to compose the tropical dry deciduous type of forest, occupies 12% of the total district area.
Deforestation causes unpleasant consequences, since minerals and deep humus are rapidly leached exposing poor sand or lateritic clay. Secondarily developed forests face great
hindrances in growing up again in a changed microclimate and on nutrient exhausted soils. Only stunted trees survive on these depleted soils, such edaphic influences are most
prominent in the dry, gravelly and rocky surface outcrops capable of supporting only scrub, grass, ephemeral herbs and xerophytic plants as they are better adapted to the dry
season, unreliable precipitations and depleted soils. Matkam, Mahua (Madhuca indica) is another very important plant of the area and ts hard reddish brown timber is used for
many purpose also the district has a rich assemblage of timber, fibre and oil yielding and especially medicinal plants.
v. Economic status
Agriculture is the principal source of livelihood, almost 70 percent of the working population is engaged in agriculture either as cultivators or as agricultural labourers, though the
per-capita income is considerably low. Most rural households practice subsistence farming under adverse and risky environmental conditions, As a consequence migration from
rural areas to urban areas increasing. The natural resource base can be characterized as poorly suited to agriculture due to climatic, water resource, and soil conditions. Tasar silk
weaving is an age-old industry especially in the early part of the twentieth century when it was located at Raghunathpur and some other places. Geo-climatic condition of the
district is favorable for growth and development of Sericulture Industry in the district Purulia, regarded as an immense prospect.

3. Result and Discussion

For the detail assessment a sample village of Purulia district has been chosen for the study, as a typical village of drought
occurrence. Dumdumi is a small size villages with 193 household with average 5 person in a family, located in Hura Block under
the constituency of Jabarrah Panchayat .
It is observed from demographics study that there is almost 27 % of indigenous Santhal population (ST) whose livelihood only
revolve around the declining forestry and almost 80% of the total working population are marginal agrarian labour which
indicates the vulnerability of livelihood due to the occurrence of drought every year.
The access to the nearest private bus transport is at a distance of 5-7 km and the access to train and public road facilities is at a
distance of 7-8 km. which renders the place inaccessible during emergencies. Proximity of local markets at Hura (daily),
Maguria and Ladhurka (only Monday) is at a distance of more than 15 km which restrict the market growth of their agrarian
livelihood due to their inaccessibility of local transportation.
it is also found that presently involvement of families in silkworm production is increasing in Hura and Kashipur Block, but no
trace of this practice has been found in the village during the survey so that widens a opportunity of forestry based livelihood
at household level which can be beneficial for rural folklore towards a major off season livelihood practices for a yearlong
sustainable economy engaging the women folk and it will be a effective measure regarding ecological benefits in the drought
prone rural fabric. Figure 2 : location map of the Dumdumi village

The sowing calendar indicated the production of Kharif (rain fed) along with Rabi season(rain fed) crop in the whole agrarian calendar, which results in unemployment and food
risk in the remaining 60% of the year so they had to depend on the agro and horticulture for their food security instead of market distribution and it was also observed that
forestry based livelihood practice such as Lac and Sericulture is completely absent which can also induce women engagement and have tremendous market potential due to the
geo climatic advantages of Purulia.

From the physical characteristics. it is evident that due to the ecological contingencies
like undulated topography, rocky character of the soil and the unplanned catchment
ponds, the rainwater does get wasted as the general slope is towards the Eastern side
and more towards the South-East, South-West side of the village and the slope is less
than 10 m per Km which varies from 751 ft-722 ft. Though the rainfall is moderate in
monsoon and the higher summer temperature tend to dry up the moisture resulting in
evaporation and higher surface air temperature tend to crack the top soil in the
summer. The rare vegetation cover, topography and soil characteristics is a major
reason behind the low ground water table, which is a primary concern for agrarian
livelihood due regular drought occurrence and occasional heat waves.
Figure 3 :The topographical gradient of the village
From Seasonal calendar which was done to assess the present socio-economic and socio cultural scenario of the rural habitat, which will indicate the impact of drought on the
rural fabric and its people also their inter-relationship and a poverty index, it can be assessed that ecological contingency, non availability of water, mono-cropping, primitive
techniques which results in very low productivity, no crop season leading to unemployment, risk of food is a primary concern in a agrarian livelihood. Also horticulture, agro-
allied, agro forestry sector is completely ignored or maybe unknown. Non farm practices are almost obsolete. Apart from rare small business, people are unemployed which
increases the crisis of livelihood and a forced migration in future.
Though having a rich cultural index, drought has impacted their lives which is correlated with economy and infrastructure also as the major festivals are celebrated on the
occurrence of first cultivation of paddy is which goes absent due to the drought, so the people are losing the traditional practice which will result in cultural disintegration. So it is
necessary to revive and re establish their cultural integrity. Also, with increasing population the dependency on natural resources will increase due to livelihood deficiency.

Then a cluster level analysis was done for the comparative assessment of different clusters present in the village fabric as assessed during the primary survey and it was seen that
sustainable living practices (RW harvesting, solid waste management) are major missing which should be incorporated into the lifestyle as a cluster and plot level intervention by
taking principles from other progressive habitat.
Apart from agrarian, other livelihood option should be focused during the drought occurrence. Also it was assessed that the housing is the most important aspect for the habitat
which will grow but as per the survey it seems it require a framework for future expansion and retrofitting of the dwelling units with improved techniques, materials, indoor air
quality also plugging of livelihood, household space to mitigate the pressing issues in accordance to family growth, separation, spatial requirements, daylight and natural
ventilation.

Further a Plot Wise housing transformation Analysis & Livelihood Assessment of Mudi Para (sample cluster) was done on the basis of the basis of transition of housing spaces
due to family growth and qualitative aspects to assess the pressing issues of housing and it can be assessed that climate has not been considered for spatial quality in dwelling
unit. Mutual shading, utilization of spaces is a great finding in this settlement. But, absence of window have diminished the daylighting and indoor environmental quality though
this proved appropriate in cooling down temperature resulting in thermal comfort. But improved fenestration techniques, opening size and location with cost effective local
materials can serve the purpose.
Due to family growth and separation of household, encroachment in the courtyard is predominant also due to structural inability and cost for vertical expansion making the
courtyard very small also maintenance, durability is an issue with the low income profile. Absence of rain-water harvesting and solid waste management system was evident,
which can provide them adequate supply of water and a source of renewable energy for livelihood and household purposes. Solid waste management is necessary which
produces manure from the daily waste and the generated renewable energy will led them to future sustainability.

From the open space characteristics it was seen that predominance of wasteland is a prime concern which cover almost 60 % of total village fabric, which is a major drawback to
the livelihood having degraded barren lands for no purpose, also lack of vegetation cover, topography, soil characteristics, permeability, rainfall, land cover management result
in erosion of top soil cover. So reclamation of the wasteland along with soil conservation with landscape strategy is required to improve the drought land ecology and livelihood
concern of the villagers. Abundance, over utilization of water bodies and absence of rain water harvesting along with all the ecological contingency resulting in water scarcity. Also
absence of scientific measure regarding new watershed and water conservation leads to pressing livelihood issues. The landscape existence along the built fabric and roadside
was less and backyard farming is abandoned was also seen. Due to water scarcity and native forestry is very sporadic which creates a huge imbalance to the habitat. And with
population growth and economic degradation the over dependency on the forestry will lead to a vulnerable ecosystem.
4. Framework policy for sustainable rural habitat
Habitat is a concept that that comprises physio-biotic and socio-cultural component which integrate the people(species) and place(nature),so to strengthen the balance of a typical drought prone
rural neighborhood, a sustainable habitat policy will be a framework to-

• Integrate and strengthen the rural landscape into livelihood to mitigate the problems of drought and environmental issues to upgrade the whole neighborhood towards a sustainable future.
• Measured habitat interventions with livelihood opportunities, also investment in rural infrastructure so that a positive cycle of social and economic upgradation can be triggered.
• Habitat planning in the village needs to include concerns of livelihood creation- physical infrastructure, working capital and market linkages. In case of rural infrastructure development that
supports economic activity such as work centre must be planned and made available.
4.1 Theoretical Underpinning

i. Theory of Triad ( Work-Place-Folk) by Sir Patrick Geddes- Triad of Work-Place-Folk are the three components of a habitat.

“The environment acts, through function, upon the organism and conversely the organism acts through the function upon the environment

ii. Theory (Science) of Human Settlements by C.A. Doxiadis: 5 Elements of Human Settlement: Man, Shell, Society, Nature, Network

these five parameters are interlinked with each other at neighborhood and family level and are to be considered for framework policy of rural habitat.

4.2 Sustainable Framework Policy for drought prone rural habitat

i. Wasteland reclamation by the removal of hard cover of ‘Latosol’, the “tanr” if reclaimed and it becomes more workable and suitable for plantation.

ii. Lack of vegetation cover, slope, soil characteristics, permeability, rainfall, land cover management result in erosion of top soil. So, plantation of different soil erosion crops like grass, shrubs and
afforestation, gully binding to control soil erosion.
iii. Engineering methods regarding location, slope, grading and contouring are required for macro, mini watershed, construction of large percolation tanks/ well and reservoir in cluster to
neighborhood level also integrated farming practices, which will results in water conservation and allow more seepage of ground water reservoir. Integrated farming may reduce dependency on the
ground water resources and the surface storage may be utilized for immediate and small irrigation purposes during the normal and wet areas and the ground water resources may be preserved for
the use during the years of sub-normal precipitation.

iv. Afforestation in degraded forest land with native indigenous trees.

v. Preservation and Plantation of indigenous plants of wasteland.

• Agro forestry Natural Building
vii. Principles of Permaculture as illustrated in Figure 4, can be a • Sheet Mulching
• Fruit Orchard Based
miracle for the this rural framework as it stands on care for earth and RW harvesting Sustainable
Forestry Permaculture xxx
Habitat
care for people which direct towards local ecological and socio • Livestock practices
• Grazing Vermicomposting
economical sustainability. • Keyline Design
• Aqua culture

Figure 4: Casual chain analysis of Permaculture practices and its role for habitat sustainability
 vii. Sustainable measure for Dry land agriculture with Agro Forestry should be viii. Practice of Social Forestry can be beneficial in drought prone livelihood and ecology as demonstrated through
incorporated as illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 6.

Measures for sustainable agriculture [Source: fao.org] Social Forestry

Farm Agro Extension Community Extended Social forestry-

protective functions Forestry Forestry Forestry Forestry Forestry Garden
Physiological Approach Agro Forestry based practice

No Till Farming Agri silvicultural Systems

Sheet mulching
Silvo pastoral Systems
• Top soil conservation and land • Harvest of Exotic and forest crops, • Employment, Forest based micro
rehabilitation increased crop productivity and finance/ industry.
Shelter Belt • Increased ground water table High yield of timber • Additional diversified livelihood.
Agro silvopastoral Systems • Afforestation of vacant wasteland
• improved micro climate • Improved socio economic wellbeing
• Increased Bio-diversity • Roadside Plantation and quality of life.
Wind Break • Reduced risk of climate • Canal Side Plantation • Increase in supply of food, fuel,
Alley cropping Aqua forestry, Apiculture • Extension of forest boundaries
change fodder for livestock.
Benefits
Commercial Production
Employment + sustainable economy
Paddock level /Enterprise
Agriculture + Social Forestry
Ecological Sustainability
Socio- cultural Economic, Livelihood Environmental
• Improve Gender Equality. • Ensure food and • Contributes to climate
• Protects local nutrition security to change mitigation and Figure 6: Classification of Social Forestry and its role for ecological and livelihood sustainability
communities, traditional the community adaptation.
systems, indigenous • Reduce overall poverty • Provides wide range of
techniques and socio status ecological services to
cultural values . • Contributes to create the community Agro forestry based livelihood practices
resilient livelihood.

Figure 5: Adaptive measures for Sustainable Agriculture focusing on Agro Forestry

ix. Livelihood strategies for year long sustainable economy can be integrated as been
illustrated from Figure 7 to 9-
Sericulture practice fungi culture practice Shellac Production Horticulture
(cultivation of fruits, exotic
(Cocoon cultivation, Silk (Mushroom cultivation, (lac Host plantation, stic lac vegetables, ethno botanic
agriculture aquaculture Duck farming worm production, processing, packaging cultivation, pre and post species from commercial
packaging, preservation and market distribution ) processing, production of harvest to market
and market distribution ) shellac products and market distribution)
Integrated duck cum fish farming distribution )
Integrated agro cum pisciculture

Figure 7. Integrated framing practices Figure 8. Sustainable Agro Forestry based practice with its market based framework
 3. Agro based livelihood practices

Agro food production Livestock, poultry farming

Crafts and artefacts based practices
(Household industry)
(Processing of dairy products, poultry
(cultivation, processing of raw materials,
(Processing of puffed rice, pickle, masalas products, packaging and distribution)
production of crafts from bamboo and
and ketchup, packaging and market
Sabai grass and market distribution )
distribution)

Figure 9. Agro based cottage industry with its market based framework

x. Integrated work cum community centre along with co operative society, micro finance facility is required to serve the economic activities also informal education, skill development and socio
cultural practices at the neighbour hood level.

xi. Vermicomposting pit, solid waste management along with clean, renewable energy generation at cluster and neighbour hood will be necessary.

xii. Reinforce a ‘habitat’ paradigm over a ‘focus on ‘housing’ to include water and sanitation facilities, framework for future growth with alternative building material and improved techniques for
thermal comfort and satisfactory indoor environment quality while protecting the courtyard as major activity space from encroachment and incorporation of livelihood spaces if absent.

5. Conclusion:

• Based upon the analysis it can be concluded that drought has vividly influenced the economy, ecology and cultural practices of the village, Both the natural, anthropogenic factors and their
interrelationship are responsible for it. So to mitigate the risk of drought and its impact on the lives of villagers the habitat policy is an integrated framework based on the primary survey and
secondary research focusing on sustainable livelihood practices and ecological upgradation of rural fabric.
• The principles of permaculture and the layers may be used as a tool for sustainable ecosystem that directly benefits humans creating a vibrant, healthy and productive communities through
reconnecting humans to nature in regenerative ways. Also agro and social forestry based livelihood practices will increase women engagement, alternative source of income while enhancing the
bio diversity , drought land ecosystem and ensuring natural resource optimization.
• Technical assistance should be provided to people through various training and capacity building programmes for coping with the drought situation based on their cultural mechanisms. In the
social forestry programme, plantation of drought resistant, fruit bearing and indigenous plants based on the need of the local people will help a lot to the programme. So decision-making in this
regard should take place on the basis of the consultation of the local people along with the scientific examination of the soil.
• Though this research framework is based on a agrarian village in the context of Purulia, West Bengal but from a long-term perspective, it can be optimized as model framework towards a
sustainable and resilient habitat programme for drought prone rural areas which can be improvised according to varied livelihood with particular geographical, climatic vulnerability and cultural
resonance. Although this significant approach would have economic ramifications but once the economic stress is reduced and ecological balance is restored, it will result only in resilient future.
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