MUET, SZAB Campus Khairpur Mir’s

Department of Electrical Engineering

PBL Based Mid-Term Presentation

MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

Assigned By: Ma’am Qamar Un Nisa

Presented By: Noor Saba (K-18EL101)
 Contents

8051 Microcontroller
1 History, Working, Pin Diagram, Architecture

2 Extended 8051

3 Applications

2
 8051 Microcontroller

Historical Background:
Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation company which is headquartered
in Santa Clara, California in Silicon Valley. It was founded in July, the 18 th of 1968 by
semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Intel has introduced many
microprocessors and microcontrollers, one of the most popular microcontroller introduced by
intel is the 8051 microcontroller which is still followed today by different semiconductor
manufacturer companies.
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The 8051 Microcontroller:

The 8051 Microcontroller is one of the most popular and commonly used microcontroller in
different fields such as: embedded systems, consumer electronics, automobiles etc.
Technically, it is called the MCS-51 architecture because the series of 8051 microcontrollers
is the member of MCS-51 family which was introduced by Intel.
 Basic Working

Microcontrollers are embedded inside devices that are used to control the actions and
features of a particular product. Therefore, they are referred to as embedded
controllers. Microcontrollers are used to run one specific program hence, they are
dedicated to a single task. They are low power devices with dedicated input devices
and small LED or LCD display outputs. Microcontrollers can take inputs from the
device which they control and retain control by sending the device signals to different
parts of the device. A good example of this is a Television’s remote control, as it takes
input from the remote control and delivers its output on the T.V screen.
Pin Diagram
 Pin Description

Pins 1-8 (Port 1): In the 8051 microcontroller, pins 1-8 are said to be the port 1 pins.
Pin 9 (RST): Pin -9 is the reset (RST) pin of the 8051 microcontroller. It is used to reset the
microcontroller.
Pin 10-17 (Port 3): Pins 10-17 are the port 3 pins of the 8051 microcontroller.
Pin 18 and 19: These pins of 8051 microcontroller are used to connect the external oscillator.
Pin 20 (GND): Pin 20 is the Ground (GND) pin of the 8051 microcontroller, that is at 0V and
it is connected with the negative side of the supply.
Pin 21-28 (Port 2): Like Port 1 and Port 3, port 2 pins are also bidirectional because they can
act as both input and output.
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Pin 29 (PSEN): Pin 29 of 8051 microcontroller is the Program Store Enable Pin, by using this pin,
external program memory can be read.
Pin 30 (ALE): Pin 30 is called the Address Latch Enable pin. By using pin 30, external address can
be separated from data (as they are multiplexed by 8051).
Pin 31 (EA): Pin 31 is called the External Access Enable pin because it allows external program
memory.
Pins 32-39 (Port 0): Pins 32-39 are said to be the Port 0 pins, they are also bidirectional input and
output ports but they need external pull ups so that it can be used as I/O ports because they do not
contain any internal pull ups.
Pin 40 (VCC): This pin is the power supply pin to which the supply voltage is given, that is (+5V or
3.3V)
Block Diagram
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Arithmetic Logic Unit: The work of an ALU is to perform the arithmetic operations such as:
division, multiplication, subtraction and addition and the logical operations such as: OR, NOR,
XNOR, NOT etc.
Accumulator (A Register): Accumulator in the 8051 microcontroller is an 8-bit register which is
used to store the data obtained by the arithmetic and logical operations.
B Register: B Register is a general purpose register present in the 8051 microcontroller, its
functions is same as that of the A Register.
Program Status Word (PSW): Program status word is an 8-bit register that is used to keep track
of the current state of the system. Each bit of this register is used to define a specific status flag.
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Stack Pointer: The stack is a section of RAM that is used by the CPU to store information such
as: data or memory address on temporary basis.
Data Pointer (DPTR): It is an 8-bit register which is used to hold the 16-bit address of data
memory.
Program Counter: Program Counter is a 16-bit register. It is simply used to access the program
instructions and it is automatically incremented after every Byte of instruction fetch.
I/O Ports: The total number of I/O ports present in the 8051 microcontroller are four. Here, each
port is of 8-bit and therefore, these ports act as total number of 32 bit ports. These ports also
include Latches and Drivers separately.
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Instruction Register (IR): When the microcontroller fetches instructions one by one,
these instructions are converted into code and then they are sent to the instruction
register for decoding, after the decoding is done, the IR sends this information to timing
and control unit. Using this information, the timing and control unit generate control
signals which are necessary for internal and external operations.
Timers/Counters: The 8051 microcontroller has two 8-bit timers and counters which
are used for measurement of intervals.
 Extended 8051 Microcontroller

8051 Microcontroller has always been the basic to start with when it comes to
understand the working and structure of microcontrollers. Although the original
8051 Microcontroller is no longer in use but some of the early adaptors namely:
Philips, Signetics, MHS (Matra) and Siemens still manufacture some derivatives of
this microcontroller. These semiconductor manufacturer companies have even
changed to different names now but they still construct the 8051 microcontroller
with some additional features to it, such as: from 8-bit to 16/32-bit updated and
extended versions with more power and memory.
 Applications

The 8051 microcontroller has many real life applications, among them one of the
most common one is the Visitor Counter. Through this visitor counter using 8051
microcontroller, number of people passing through a door can be counted
automatically. Other applications include, the line following robot, Digital Door
Lock, Heart rate monitor with SMS alert etc.
Thanks!

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