OPENING PRAYER

Dear Lord and Father of all, thank you for today. Thank
you for ways you provide for us all. For your protection
and love we thank you.
Help us to focus our hearts and minds now on what we are
about to learn.
Inspire us by your Holy Spirit as we listen and write.
Guide us by your eternal light as we discover more about
the world around us.
We ask all this in the name of Jesus.
Amen.
 University of Northeastern Philippines
Iriga City
School of Graduate studies

CHAPTER 1
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS
1.1 KINDS OF VARIABLES
MACKY V. SANDRINO
REPORTER

MARIA P. DELA VEGA, PhD

FULL PROFESSOR IV
 STATISTICS
- is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,
organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. The theory
of methods of collecting, tabulating and analyzing data
comprise the study and application of statistics.
 WHAT IS A VARIABLE?
is a characteristic that consists of two or more
VARIABLES categories or values
-Cramer, D., & Howitt, D.

Refers to a person, place, things or phenomenon

that you are trying to measure in some way
QUANTITATIV are variables that can be obtained
E VARIABLES
through counting and can reflect notion
of magnitude.

1. DISCRETE
are variables that are countable and
have a finite number of possibilities.
Example:
1. Number of students enrolled in your school
2. Number of voters in Iriga City
QUANTITATIV
E VARIABLES
Values in continuous variable have
2. Continuous an infinite number of possibilities

These variables does not only show sameness or

Interval difference of objects, whether one is less than or greater
than the other, but it makes a statement of the equality of
interval. It does not have a true – zero point but it is
arbitrarily assigned.

Example:
QUANTITATIV
E VARIABLES

2. Continuous
These are variables where the quality of
Interval
ratio or proportion is important. The origin is
Ratio meaningful number. It does not have a true –
zero point

Example:
 are important part of an eye tracking experiment. A variable is
EXPERIMENTAL anything that can change or be changed. In other words, it is any
VARIABLES factor that can be manipulated, controlled for, or measured in an
experiment.

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT CONTROLLED

Everything you want to
The one thing you change, The change that happens
remain constant and
Limit to only one in an because of the independent
unchanging.
experiment. variables.
Example: Type of plant used,
Example: The liquid used to Example: The height or
pot size, amount of liquid,
water each plant health of the plant
soil type, etc.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES
• Researchers measure variables as they naturally occur without
any further manipulation.

• This type of research is used when the researcher has no

specific research question about a causal relationship
between 2 different variables, and manipulation of the
independent variable is impossible.
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES

PREDICTOR VARIABLE CRITERION VARIABLE

• Is a variable that is being used to predict
some other variable or outcome.
Example : Level of education achieved
• Is simply another name for dependent variable or a response
variable. This is the variable that is being predicted in a
statistical analysis.
Example : Income

• If we expect level of education to predict income, the predictor variable would be level of
education and the criterion variable would be income