CHEMICAL PROCESS

INDUSTRIES
UTILIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

BY :HEMANT (009)
 INTRODUCTIO
N
 Chemical industry is one of the oldest industries.
 Plays important role in social ,cultural and
economic growth of a nation.
 One of the most diversified of all industrial sector.
 Provides basic needs of mankind.
 Produces thousands of products.
 Carbon dioxide emission into atmosphere is a global concern.

 Burning 1ton of carbon in fossil fuels results more than 3.5 tons of CO 2.

 To limit the temp. increase within 2oC by 2050, CO2 emission should not exceed 15 giga
tons annually.

 Therefore, CO2 capture and utilization is a challenging issue.

 To utilize carbon dioxide as a feedstock for synthetic application in chemical and fuel
industries is the subject of this presentation.
 WAY TO USE CO2

Without conversion of carbon

dioxide
 Enhanced oil recovery by CO2 flooding.
 Carbon dioxide is mixed with deep under ground oil
reservoir.
 High mutual solubility lowers the viscosity of
CO2-oil mixture.
 Injection of CO2 into oil reservoir increases the
production.
 It raise the production by 30%.
 WAY TO USE CO2

By conversion of carbon dioxide

 CO2 is converted to valuable chemicals and fuels.
 Via carboxylation or reduction.
 To manufacture urea, salicylic acid, cyclic
carbonates and polycarbonates.
 Among them urea process consumes most of CO2
industrially.
Chemical Molecular formula Annual Annually utilised
production [7] CO2 as feedstock
[7]
Urea 150 million tons 112 million tons
(commodity)
Methanol CH3OH 100 million tons 2 million tons
Salicylic acid 70 thousand 30 thousand tons
tons
Formaldehyde 9.7 million tons
700 thousand
Formic acid
tons
Cyclic 80 thousand 40 thousand tons
carbonates tons
 BASIC
REACTIONS
Reactions which do not require external Reactions which requires external energy(reduction)
energy(carboxylation)
 Reduced forms of CO2 produces.
 Reaction takes place by attaching the whole  Energy can be supplied as: heat, electrons, photons.
CO2 to the other reactant.
 Includes product such as; formats (HCOO-)
 Production of carboxylates ,lactones,
carbamates(R1R2NCOOR3), urea oxalates , formaldehyde, carbon monoxide
(RRNCONRR),isocyanates(RNCO), methanol, methane, ethylene.
carbonates
 CATALYSI
S
 Catalysts play a crucial role in CO2 conversions
 Effective catalysis lowers the energy barrier for converting
co2 to useful chemicals.
 The conversion can be accomplished by homogeneous,
heterogeneous and biological catalysts. For large-scale
implementation, heterogeneous catalysis is preferred.
 HETEROGENEOUS

CATALYSIS
In practice, although homogeneous catalysis is
also used, heterogeneous catalysis is the
preferred choice of chemical reaction engineers
 Advantages of heterogenous catalysis
 Easy separation of fluid from solid catalysis.
 Convenient handling in fixed , fluidised or
moving bed reactors.
Examples:
CO2 +CH4 =2CO +2H2 (synthesis gas)
CO2 + 3H2 =CH3OH +H2O
 HOMOGENOUS
CATALYSIS
Electrochemical reduction or activation of CO 2

 The reduction of carbon dioxide to more reduced chemical

species using electrical energy.
 A method of producing chemicals or fuels, converting carbon
dioxide to organic feedstocks such as formic acid ,methanol,
ethylene, methane, and carbon monoxide.
 Electrochemical production is cheaper than their traditional
manufactures only for CO and formic acid.
 HOMOGENOUS

CATALYSIS
Large over-potentials are necessary to achieve sufficient transfer
of electrons.
 Addition of homogeneous catalysts, reduces the over-potential
and direct the reduction to a certain product selectively.
 Example : dicationic ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)2(CO)2]2+
 Pyridinium salts ,a homogeneous catalyst in order to achieve
selectivity for methanol
 For producing high-energy chemicals , the electricity must come
from non-fossil fuels.
PHOTOCATALYTIC REDUCTION OF
CO2
POLYMERS FROM CARBON
DIOXIDE
Annual production exceeds 200 million tons worldwide.
 urea–formaldehyde resins (UF resins) and melamine–formaldehyde resins (MF-resins) have
high CO2 fixation potentials.
Development stages CO2 conversion
technologies
 CONCLUSION
 CO2 is potentially a suitable resource of carbon which can partially
replace oil and gas in many synthetic applications.
 It can replace certain toxic building blocks such as CO and
phosgene in commercially important processes.
 120 Mt CO2/year are used in several applications.
 CO2 separation processes is an important factor to minimize the
cost.