Introduction to AI

Chapter one
 Outline
• Introduction to AI
• Objectives/Goals of AI
• What is AI?
• Approaches to AI – making computer:
– Think like a human ( Thinking humanly)
– Act like a human (Acting humanly)
– Think rationally (Thinking rationally)
– Act rationally (Acting rationally)
• The Foundations of AI
• Bits of History and the State of the Art
 Introduction
• Artificial
– Produced by human art or effort, rather than originating naturally.
• Intelligence
– Intelligence the ability to acquire knowledge and use it. [Pigford and
Baur].
– The capacity to learn and solve problems
• So AI was defined as:
– AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent.
– AI is the part of computer science concerned with design of computer
systems that exhibit human intelligence(From the Concise Oxford
Dictionary)
 AI…
• According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John
McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs”.
• Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a
computer-controlled robot, or a software think
intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans
think.
• AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks,
and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to
solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study
as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.
 Objectives/Goals of AI
• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which
exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate,
explain, and advice its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines −
Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and
behave like humans.
 What is AI?
• The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people ?
• The study of mental faculties through the use of computational
models ?
• The study of computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason and act ?
• A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent
behavior in terms of computational processes ?
• A branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior ?
 What is AI?
• Views of AI fall into four categories:
 What is AI ?
Success

Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally

Acting Humanly Acting Rationally

Rationality

Thought Process and Reasoning

Behavior
8
 What is AI ?
• Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach
– The Turing Test, was designed to provide a
satisfactory operational definition of intelligence (Alan
Turing ,1950)
Person

Turing
Test
Human Interrogator
Computer
Written Test

Turing Test
Person

Total
Human Interrogator
Computer

Written Test + Visual Signal + Physical Objects 9

 What is AI?…

• Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach…

– Turing defined intelligent behavior as the ability to
achieve human-level performance in all cognitive
tasks, sufficient to fool an interrogator
– Turing test
• The computer should be interrogated by a human via a
teletype, and passes the test if the interrogator cannot tell
if there is a computer or a human at the other end.

10
 What is AI ?
• Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach…
– For a computer- to pass a rigorously applied test, it needs to
possess the following capabilities:
• Natural Language Processing (NLP):

Turing Test
– for communication purpose
• Knowledge base representation
– Helps to store what it knows or hears
Disciplines of Al

• Automated reasoning
– To use the stored info to answer question and draw new conclusion
• Machine learning
– Adapt new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns
• Computer Vision
– To Perceive object Total Turing Test
11
• Robotics: to manipulate objects and move about
 What is AI ?
• Thinking humanly: The cognitive modeling approach
– How human thinks? This can be determined by getting inside the actual
workings of human minds

• Introspection(self examination):
– it is the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional process

• Psychological experiments
– A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test hypothesis demonstrate an
unknown fact.
– Having precise theory of the mind, it becomes possible to express the
theory as a computer program
• Brain imaging
Precise Theory of Mind Computer Program

• Cognitive Science and AI

– Computer Vision :trains computers to interpret and understand the visual world. 12
 What is AI ?
• Thinking rationally: The "laws of thought" approach
– Thinking rationally means thinking rightly (if something is true it
should be true)
– Codifying "right thinking" (Aristotle was the 1st )
• The syllogisms provided patterns for argument structures that
always yield correct conclusions when given correct premises
"Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore,
Socrates is mortal."
– The field logic is initiated
• Logicians developed a precise notation for statements about
all kinds (19th century)
• By 1965, programs existed that could, in principle, solve any
solvable problem described in logical notation. (Although if no
solution exists, the program might loop forever.) 13
 What is AI ?
• Thinking rationally: The "laws of
thought" approach…
– Logicist tradition
• Hopes to build on such programs to create
intelligent systems (within AI)
– Obstacles
• Taking informal knowledge  Representing in
formal terms of logical notation (particularly when
K< 100% certain) (100 % knowledge)
• Solving a problem "in principle" Vs solving it in
practice (too many computation required)

14
 What is AI ?
• Acting rationally: The rational agent approach
– Agent
• Operate autonomously, perceive their environment, persist over a
prolonged time period, adapt to change, and create and pursue
goals.
– Rational Agent
• A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome
or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.

Lows of Thought Rational Agent

Correct Inference
15
 What is AI ?
• Acting rationally: The rational agent
approach…
• Correct inference is not all of rationality

• Reflex action: Acting rationally without involving

inference
• All the skills needed for the Turing Test also allow
an agent to act rationally
– The rational-agent approach is advantageous
• It is more general than the "laws of thought"
approach because correct inference is just one of
several possible mechanisms for achieving
rationality 16
Type of agent
 Foundations of AI
 Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
 Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability

 Economics Utility, decision theory

 Neuroscience Physical substrate for mental activity

 Psychology Phenomena of perception and motor control,

experimental techniques
 Computer Building fast computers
engineering
 Control theory Design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
 Linguistics 18
Knowledge representation, grammar
 Foundations of AI
• Mathematics formalizes the three main area of AI: computation, logic, and
probability
– Computation leads to analysis of the problems that can be computed
• complexity theory
– Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to handle uncertainty in AI
– Decision theory combines probability theory and utility theory (bias)
• Psychology
– How do humans think and act?
– The study of human reasoning and acting
– Provides reasoning models for AI
– Strengthen the ideas
• humans and other animals can be considered as information processing machines
 Foundations of AI
• Computer Engineering
– How to build an efficient computer?
– Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible
– The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult
problems more easily
– AI has also contributed its own work to computer science,
including: time-sharing, the linked list data type, OOP, etc.
 Foundations of AI
• Control theory and Cybernetics
– How can artifacts operate under their own control?
– The artifacts adjust their actions
• To do better for the environment over time
• Based on an objective function and feedback from the environment
– Not limited only to linear systems but also other problems
• as language, vision, and planning, etc.
• Linguistics
– For understanding natural languages
• different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work
– Formal languages
– Syntactic and semantic analysis
– Knowledge representation
 History of AI

Reading ass,
Pp 16-66
 The state of the art
• The AI is changing the personal, social, and business
landscape with every new day. It is used to develop
products ranging from general to specific, such as
– playing music, playing chess, Painting,
– self-driving cars
– proving theorems.
• AI is widely used in automobile, logistic, healthcare,
stock-trading, robotics, finance, transport, education like
industries.
 Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as :
• Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as
chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large
number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with
the computer that understands natural language spoken by
humans.
• Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate
machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning
and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
 Applications of AI
• Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on
the computer. For example,
– A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the
areas.
– Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
– Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by
forensic artist.
• Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human
talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in
human’s noise due to cold, etc.
• Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on
paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and
convert it into editable text.
 Applications of AI
• Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the
tasks given by a human.
– They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world
such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and
pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and
huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are
capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to
the new environment.