INTRODUCTION TO

RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY

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 Course outline
 Introduction to medical imaging
 The concept of body sections
 General anatomy, physiology and
pathophysiology of body systems.

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REVIEW OF THE
HUMAN BODY

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 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of

body parts and their relationships to one
another
– Gross or macroscopic
– Microscopic
– Developmental
• Physiology – the study of the function of
the body’s structural machinery
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 Gross Anatomy
 Regional – all structures in one part of
the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
 Systemic – gross anatomy of the body
studied by system
 Surface – study of internal structures as
they relate to the overlying skin

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 Microscopic Anatomy
 Cytology – study of the
cell

 Histology – study of tissues

 Developmental Anatomy

 Traces structural changes throughout

life

 Embryology – study of
developmental changes of the body
before birth
 Specialized Branches of
Anatomy
 Pathological anatomy – study of
structural changes caused by disease

 Radiographic anatomy – study of internal

structures with use of radiations

 Molecular biology – study of anatomical

structures at a sub-cellular level
 Physiology
 Considers the operation of specific organ
systems
– Renal – kidney function
– Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system
– Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and
blood vessels
 Focuses on the functions of the body,
often at the cellular or molecular level
 Understanding physiology also requires a
knowledge of physics, which explains
electrical currents, blood pressure, and
the way muscle uses bone for movement

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Levels of structural organization

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 Levels of Structural Organization
 Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
 Cellular – cells are made of molecules
 Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
 Organ – made up of different types of tissues
 Organ system – consists of different organs
that work closely together
 Organismal – made up of the organ systems
 Homeostasis
 Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment in
an ever-changing outside world
 The internal environment of the body is in
a dynamic state of equilibrium
 Chemical, thermal, and neural
factors interact to maintain
homeostasis
Anatomical Position
Body upright
Standing erect facing the
observer
Head and eyes facing
forward Feet are flat on the
floor and forward
Upper limbs to the sides
Palms turned forward

Prone position:
Body is lying face down

Supine position:
Body is lying face up

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Location of abdominal organs in the various regions

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Radiographic landmarks

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 The SKULL
 Orbitomeatal Baseline
 Line joins the outer canthus of the eye to
the midpoint of the external auditory
meatus


 Anthropological Baseline
 Line joins the infraorbital margin to the
superior border of the external
auditory meatus.The difference in
angles between the orbitomeatal
baseline and the anthropological
baseline is 10°.


 Auricular Line
 Line passes perpendicular to the
anthropological baseline through the
centre of the external auditory meatus.

 Interpupillary Line
 Line joins the centre of the two orbits
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and is perpendicular to the median
sagittal
 Cervical Spine

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 Thoracic Spine
XIPHOID TIP

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The Abdomen

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Pubic symphisis The pelvis

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