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Lecture No 4: Instruction Execution Cycle

Spring 2020, BESE-9 (A&B)
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Basic Instruction Cycle

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 Instruction Format
Every Instruction has two ingredients:
 OpCode
 Explicitly Defined Operands: (1, 2 or 3)

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 Program Execution Example
In our example, every instruction has:
 OpCode
 Only one explicitly defined operand

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 Program Execution Example
Suppose the Instruction Set has 3 instructions only:
1. OpCode=(0001)2=1h: Load AC from the Data Memory

2. OpCode=(0010)2=2h: Store AC into the Data Memory

3. OpCode=(0101)2=5h: Add to AC from the Data Memory

Instruction Format:
OpCode + Address of the Data Memory Location

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Step 1: Fetching Inst-1
Instruction Memory CPU Registers
300 1940 300 PC
AC
301 5941
302
1940 IR
2941

Data Memory

940 0003
941 0002

Load AC from the Data Memory Location 940

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Step 2: Executing Inst-1
Instruction Memory CPU Registers
300 1940 301 PC

301 5941 0003 AC

302
1940 IR
2941

Data Memory

940 0003
941 0002

Load AC from the Data Memory Location 940

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Step 3: Fetching Inst-2
Instruction Memory CPU Registers
300 1940 301 PC

301 5941 0003 AC

302
5941 IR
2941

Data Memory

940 0003
941 0002

Add to AC from Data Memory Location 941

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Step 4: Executing Inst-2
Instruction Memory CPU Registers
300 1940 302 PC

301 5941 0005 AC

302
5941 IR
2941

Data Memory
3+2=5
940 0003
941 0002

Add to AC from Data Memory Location 941

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Step 5: Fetching Inst-3
Instruction Memory CPU Registers
300 1940 302 PC

301 5941 0005 AC

302
2941 IR
2941

Data Memory

940 0003
941 0002

Store AC into the Data Memory Location 941

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Step 6: Executing Inst-3
Instruction Memory CPU Registers
300 1940 303 PC

301 5941 0005 AC

302
2941 IR
2941

Data Memory

940 0003
941 0005

Store AC into the Data Memory Location 941

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All Six Steps of the Example Program Execution

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Instruction Cycle State Diagram

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Classes of Interrupts

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Program Flow Control

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Transfer of Control via Interrupts

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Instruction Cycle With Interrupts

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+ Program Timing: Short I/O Wait

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 Program Timing: Long I/O Wait
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Instruction Cycle State Diagram With Interrupts

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Transfer of Control with Multiple Interrupts

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Time Sequence of Multiple Interrupts

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End of Lectures