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The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance: For Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance: For Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance: For Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition
Chapter 15
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
Meiosis
Fertilization
R Y y r
Gametes
F1 Generation
R R
y y
r r
Y Y
Meiosis
LAW OF SEGREGATION LAW OF INDEPENDENT
The two alleles for each r ASSORTMENT Alleles of genes
R r R
gene separate during on nonhomologous chromosomes
gamete formation. Metaphase I assort independently during
gamete formation.
Y y Y y
1 1
R r r R
Anaphase I
Y y Y y
R r r R
2 2
Y y Metaphase II Y y
Y y Y
Y y Y y y
Gametes
R R r r r r R R
1
/4 YR 1
/4 yr 1
/4 Yr 1
/4 yR
F2 Generation An F1 F1 cross-fertilization
3 Fertilization recombines 3 Fertilization results in the
the R and r alleles at 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
random. 9 :3 :3 :1 in the F2 generation.
Figure 15.2a
Meiosis
Fertilization
R Y y r
Gametes
Figure 15.2b
All F1 plants produce
yellow-round seeds (YyRr).
F1 Generation
R R
y y
r r
Y Y
LAW OF INDEPENDENT
LAW OF SEGREGATION Meiosis
ASSORTMENT Alleles of
The two alleles for each R r r R genes on nonhomologous
gene separate during chromosomes assort
gamete formation. Metaphase I independently during gamete
Y y Y y formation.
1 1
R r r R
Anaphase I
Y y Y y
R r r R
Metaphase
2 II 2
Y y Y y
Y y Y
Y y Y y y
Gametes
R R r r r r R R
/4 YR
1
/4 yr
1 1
/4 Yr 1
/4 yR
Figure 15.2c
F2 Generation
An F1 F1 cross-fertilization
Y
• Females are XX, and males are XY
• Each ovum contains an X chromosome, while
a sperm may contain either an X or a Y
chromosome
b vg b vg
b vg b vg
Replication Replication
of chromosomes of chromosomes
b vg b vg
b vg b vg
b vg b vg
b vg b vg
Meiosis I
b vg
Meiosis I and II
b vg
b vg
b vg
Meiosis II
Recombinant
chromosomes
bvg b vg b vg b vg
Eggs
b vg b vg b vg b vg Sperm
Recombination
391 recombinants 100 17%
frequency 2,300 total offspring
Mapping the Distance Between Genes Using
Recombination Data: Scientific Inquiry
• Alfred Sturtevant, one of Morgan’s students,
constructed a genetic map, an ordered list of
the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
• Sturtevant predicted that the farther apart two
genes are, the higher the probability that a
crossover will occur between them and
therefore the higher the recombination
frequency
Nondisjunction
Figure 15.13-2
Meiosis I
Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Non-
disjunction
Figure 15.13-3
Meiosis I
Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Non-
disjunction
Gametes
(b) Duplication
A B C D E F G H
(c) Inversion
A B C D E F G H
(d) Translocation
A B C D E F G H M N O P Q R
(a) Deletion
A B C D E F G H
(b) Duplication
A B C D E F G H
(c) Inversion
A B C D E F G H
(d) Translocation
A B C D E F G H M N O P Q R
Normal chromosome 9
Normal chromosome 22
Reciprocal translocation
Translocated chromosome 9
Translocated chromosome 22
(Philadelphia chromosome)