Dental waxes

Prof&hod,
Dr. Muthu kumar.,MDS
Guided by ,
Dr. N. Gopichander.,MDS
Professor.
Co guided by,
Dr K.V. Anitha., MDS
Reader Presented by
Shanmugapriya
First year pg.

1
 Contents
▸ Introduction
▸ History
▸ Definition
▸ Source
▸ Uses
▸ Composition
▸ Role of each component
▸ Desirable properties
▸ Application in dentistry
▸ Advancements
▸ Conclusion
▸ Reference 2
 Introduction
→ Wax has been a valuable commodity for over 2000
years.
→ Because of its low cost, plasticity, low melting
temperature, combustibility and non-toxic nature.
→ Waxes are thermoplastic materials which are solids at
room temperature but melt without decomposition to
form mobile liquids.
→ These are two main principal group of organic
compounds are hydrocarbons and esters through some
contain alcohols and acids as well.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials,311th edition, Elsevier.

 Introduction

→ Most mineral waxes have their chief constituents as

hydrocarbons ranging from 17 to over 44 carbon
atoms.
→ It is used for highest precision works to cruder tasks in
dentistry.
→ In spite of new alternative materials, wax continues to
serve as an important and irreplaceable material in
dentistry

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.

4
 History

At first wax was used as diet In 3000 bc Egyptians used wax for
source obtained from bees mummification process.
insects.

In 1700s, Mattheus In 1907, Taggart • In 1935, the first synthetic liquid paraffin
Gottfried Purmann introduced lost wax was produced by Fischer–Tropsch
used wax models for technique procedure.
prosthetic work.
5
Stephen J. Bonsor, Gavin J.Pearson ,A clinical guide to applied dental materials. First edition.
 GPT 9 DEFINITION

“
one of several esters of fatty acids with higher alcohols,
usually monohydric alcohols; dental waxes are
combinations of various types of waxes compounded to
provide desired physical properties; comp, BASEPLATE
WAX, BOXING WAX, CASTING WAX, DENTAL
IMPRESSION WAX, MODELING WAX.

6
 Source
Plants Insect wax Animals
• Carnauba palm • Honey bees Bees • Sebaceous glands
carnauba wax wax of sheep lanolin
• Mexican shrubs • Lac insect shellac wax
candelila wax wax • Head cavities and
• Berries of rhuses • Scale insect blubber of sperm
species Chinese wax whale spermaceti
• Japan wax
🐟
• Brazilian feather
palm ouricury wax
• Castor oil castor
wax
 7
Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition, Mosby.
 Source

Petroleum waxes Mineral wax Synthetic waxes

• Petroleum • Lignite beds • Polyethylene
manufacturing ozokerite • Polyethylene glycol
process paraffin • Ozokerite ceresin
and • Lignite and brown
microcrystalline coal montan wax
waxes

 8
Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition, Mosby.
 Classification based on application

Pattern wax Impression wax Processing wax

 pattern which is  Impression of  Auxiliary dental wax
replaced by definitive edentulous arches used in clinic or
restorative material  high flow at mouth laboratory
such as acrylic,metal temperature- mouth • Boxing wax
or ceramic temperature waxes. • Beading wax
• Inlay wax • Corrective wax • Block out wax
• Resin wax • Bite registration wax • Sticky wax
• Baseplate wax • Disclosing wax • Utility wax
• Casting wax • Soft impression wax

 McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition, Blackwell

9 Science.
 Clinical uses

📌 Bite registration -key

reproduce the situation
of oral cavity inside 📌 Used to line the
articulator. impression tray to
record alginate
impressions 📌 Direct wax pattern for
casting: in this method, a
wax pattern is prepared on
📌 the mouth directly on the
Used to record post palatal prepared teeth.
seal.

 10
Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.
 Laboratory uses

📌
Base plate wax Holding
📌 📌
components
during Wax pattern for RPD
articulation.

📌
Indirect wax
technique

📌 For beading and boxing Blocking wax to block

of models prior to pouring 📌 under cuts cavities
of impressions. and errors in plaster
models.
 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.
11
 Composition of dental wax

Modifiers such such

as bees wax,
carnauba wax ,
candelilla wax,
ceresin.

Base wax mainly paraffin

wax

Coloring agent of
less than 1%

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition,

12 Elsevier.
Role of each component of
dental wax

13
 Paraffin wax

• Basic component 40 – 60 %.
• Derived from high boiling fractions of petroleum.
• Soften at 37-550 C and melt in the range of 48-700 C -promotes
moldability of the wax below its melting temperature.
• Paraffin in type I waxes has a higher melting point than the paraffin in
type II waxes.
• Flake when it is trimmed, not produce a smooth, glossy surface.
• Other waxes and natural resins as modifying agents.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.

14
 Bees wax

• Primary insect wax obtained from honey combs.

• Main component of sticky wax
• Made of myricyl palmitate along with saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons and higher molecular weight organic acids.
• Intermediate melting range (60°C–70°C).
• Brittle at room temperature but becomes plastic at body temperature.
• Used to modify the properties of paraffin waxes -desirable flow at oral
temperature.
• Flow of paraffin reduced by addition of bees wax.

Stephen J. Bonsor, Gavin J.Pearson ,A clinical guide to applied dental materials. First edition.
15
 Gum dummar

• A natural resin.
• Added to the paraffin to improve the smoothness
• Resistant to cracking and flaking.
• Increases the toughness.
• Enhances the smoothness and luster of the wax surface.

Stephen J. Bonsor, Gavin J.Pearson ,A clinical guide to applied dental materials. First edition.
16
 Carnauba wax

• From the leaves of certain tropical palms.

• Very hard, high melting point and it has an agreeable odour.
• Combined with the paraffin to decrease flow at mouth temperature.
• Greater glossiness to the wax surface than dammar resin.

Stephen J. Bonsor, Gavin J.Pearson ,A clinical guide to applied dental materials. First edition.
17
 Candellila wax

• To replace carnauba wax.

• Provides the same general qualities as carnauba wax .
• Melting point is lower and it is not as hard as carnauba wax.
• To modify the toughness and carving characteristics of the wax.

A clinical guide to applied dental materials. Stephen J. Bonsor, Gavin J.Pearson

18
 Ceresin wax

• A white wax extracted from ozokerite, mineral mixture of hydrocarbons

colourless or white when pure, a somewhat unpleasant odour.
Montan wax
• Carnauba wax is often replaced in part by certain synthetic waxes that are
compatible with paraffin wax.
• At least two waxes of this type can be used.
1. Nitrogen derivative of the higher fatty acids and the
2. other contains esters of acids derived from montan wax,
A derivative hard wax that is obtained by solvent extraction of certain types of
lignite or brown coal.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.

19
 Synthetic waxes and resins

▸ Limited use in dental formulations.

▸ complex organic compounds of varied chemical compositions.
▸ Specific melting points and are blended with natural waxes.
▸ High degree of refinement when compared to natural waxes.
▸ Low-molecular weight
▸ Polyethylene, Polyoxyethylene glycol, Halogenated hydrocarbon,
and Hydrogenated waxes

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.

20
 Microcrystalline wax

 Amorphous waxes are obtained from heavier oils such as

petroleum.
 Darker in colour with higher viscosity.
 Melting range 65°- 90°C.
 Depending on composition, it can be soft and tacky or hard
and brittle.
 Hardness and tackiness can be altered by the addition of
oils.
 Have less volumetric shrinkage during solidification than
paraffin wax. They also reduce the stresses that occur on
cooling.
 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.
21
 Desirable properties

• Uniform when • The wax should

• a definite
softened. not fragment or
contrast in flake. Such
• Ingredients should
colour and flakiness is • The wax should
be added such
sufficient produced by not chip off
way that it should
opacity in thin paraffin and while carving
blend without
layers to modifiers are the original tooth
producing granules
added to anatomy.
on the surface and facilitate proper
hard spots within minimize this
finishing of the
the surface when effect.
margins.
softened.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.

22
 Desirable properties
• The wax should burn out completely by oxidizing residual
carbon to volatile gases. When wax melts and is vaporized
at 500 °C, it should not leave a solid residue that amounts
to more than 0.10% of the original weight of the specimen

• Expansion and shrinkage of casting wax are

extremely sensitive to temperature. Normally soft
wax shrinks more than hard wax.

High-shrinkage wax may cause significant pattern

distortion when it solidifies. For this reason, organic
filler is added to certain wax formulations
 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.
23
 Mechanical properties
→ Low mechanical properties
→ Strongly depend on temperature
→ Increase in temperature in mechanical properties.
→ The modulus of elasticity, proportional limit, and
compressive strength are low for waxes.
→ the mouldability and stability wax depends on flow and
creep value.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.

24
 Mechanical properties
→ Brittleness is another important property which the
manufacturers can, to some extent, control.
→ For some waxes, for example denture waxes, toughness is
required since the wax denture base may have to be
removed from a slightly undercut cast many times without
fracturing.
→ In other cases, such as inlay waxes, brittleness is preferred
in order that the wax will fracture rather than distort on
removal from an undercut cavity. This will indicate to the
dental surgeon that a modification to the cavity shape is
required.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.

25
 Thermal properties

Flow Highest
Melting depends not Expand CTE of all
range rather only on when materials,
than sharp stress but temperature high
melting also strongly is raised and residual
temperature on contract on stress
temperature cooling.

CTE for High CTE If the wax

mineral wax causes pattern is stored
> plant wax distortion of in refrigerator,
because of wax pattern the pattern is
weaker ,storing in low allowed to come
secondary temperature to normal temp
valence force distortion. before investing

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition,

26 Elsevier.
 Thermal properties

Transition temperature
On heating, the thermal expansion rate of a material
increases abruptly after a certain temperature. This
temperature is known as transition temperature. Inlay wax
should have a transition temperature of more than 37°C.
Transformation temperature
In this temperature, passing from a crystalline state to other
molecular states, thus giving it natural plasticity.

 Materials used in dentistry. S.Mahalakshmi,first edition,2013. 27

 Thermal properties

the wax is
Solid-solid transition converted from
temperature brittle solid to
soft mouldable
-softening
material
temperature.

Solid transition
temperature are long
Poor thermal conductors enough to allow
the solid-solid transition thorough softening to
occur throughout the
temperature material before
moulding is attempted
 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition,
28 Elsevier.
 250 W infra-red lamp.
-the distance of the wax from the lamp
must be carefully controlled in order to
cause softening but not melting.

wax annealer.
-thermostatically controlled oven with
constant temperature. useful for inlay
waxes.
 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials,29
11th edition, Elsevier.
 Thermal properties

the wax should be held in the warm rising air

above the flame and not in the flame itself.

surface becomes shiny too hot and the outer

layers are beginning to melt..

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition,

30 Elsevier.
 Rheology
Study of the deformation and flow characteristics of matter.

• Slippage of wax molecules over each other

• The wax ability to deform under light forces

• Flow of waxes is desirable as a part of the molding

process but becomes undesirable after the wax
pattern or impression has been made.

 McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition, Blackwell Science.

31
 Rheology
• Soft wax exhibits transition point lower than the
hard wax

• The structure likely exhibits a combination of

crystalline and amorphous structures, with limited
short-range order of the molecules.

• The wax lacks rigidity and may flow under applied

pressure even at room temperature

 McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition, Blackwell Science.

32
 Inlay waxes

Typeno1,4.medium
▸ ADA specification
▸
wax for direct
Inlay wax—A specialized dental wax that can
be applied to dies patterns
to form direct or indirect
Type
patterns for the 2, soft
lost-wax wax which is
technique,
for of
used for the casting indirect
metals or hot pressing
of ceramics. patterns.
 McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition, Blackwell Science.
33
 Composition

 McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition,

34 Blackwell Science.
 Must be free Must disintegrate,
Excellent eliminate and
from distortion, volatize during burn
adaptability flaking, chipping out procedure.

Type 1 used in
It should get Softened by 54 –
direct technique
should not damage
contrast with the 60 C over flame or
dies. in water
the pulp tissue

Desirable qualities…
 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials,35
11th edition, Elsevier.
 Flow

Requirements according to ADA Specification no. 4,

At 450C - Both Type I & II should have a flow b/w

70 to 90 %.

At 370C - Type I should not flow more than 1 %.

At 300C - Type II should not flow more than 1 %.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials,3611th edition, Elsevier.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY :
 Low.
 Takes time to heat the wax uniformly.
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION :
 High.

 Thermal changes are higher than any other materials.

 Linear expansion of 0.6 % when heated from 25

to 370C is permitted for Type I waxes.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials,

37 11th edition, Elsevier.
 Other Factors that influence the Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion are –

 Temperature of the Die.

 Method used for applying pressure to the wax.

 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition,

38 Elsevier.
▸ WAX DISTORTION –
 Most serous problem in Inlay wax.

 It is due to Release of Stresses in pattern due to,,

* Contraction on cooling.
* Occluded gas bubbles.
* Change of shape of wax during moulding.
* From Manipulation, Carving, Pooling &
Removal.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials,39

11th edition, Mosby.
▸ CAUSES OF DISTORTION :
• If wax is not at uniform temp. when inserted in the cavity.
• If wax is not held under uniform pressure during cooling.
• If wax is added in an area of deficiency.
▸ TO AVOID DISTORTION OF WAXES :
• Minimal carving & change in temperature.
• Minimal Storage of pattern.
• Use warm instrument for carving.
• Store it in a Fridge if necessary.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,

40 Mosby.
 TECHNIQUES –
 DIRECT TECHNIQUE
 INDIRECT TECHNIQUE
▸ DIRECT TECHNIQUE ::

I. Softened the stick of wax over the flame.

II. Inserted into the cavity & held under finger pressure.
III. Allow to cool gradually at mouth temperature.
IV. Withdraw the wax pattern carefully.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,

41 Mosby.
▸ INDIRECT TECHNIQUE ::
Pattern is prepared over a lubricated die.
If molten wax used, very little stresses occur.
METHODS OF INDIRECT TECHNIQUE –
Dipping Method –
* In full crowns.
* Die is dipped in hot liquid wax.
Softening In Warm Water – Not recommended.
Adding in Layer – Using spatula or brush.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 43

11th edition, Mosby.
45
 Casting wax

→ Pattern wax.
→ Supplied as sheets or
preformed shapes.
→ An ideal casting wax
copies accurately the
surface against which it
is pressed.
→ Not brittle on cooling.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition, Mosby.

46
Casting wax

47
 Casting wax

Classification:
▸ Class I: 28-gauge, pink, flow of about 10% at 35°C. easily
adaptable at 40-45°C.

▸ Class II: 30-gauge, green, minimum flow of 60% at 38°C, adapts

well to the surface, not brittle on cooling.

▸ Class III: readymade shapes, blue, will burn out at 500°C, leaving
no carbon residue, supplied as sheets of 0.40 and 0.32mm
thickness.

Uses metallic framework in removable partial dentures.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,
48 Mosby.
 Base plate wax

▸ Red or pink, 8.5-cm

wide, 15-cm long, and
1.5-mm thick.
▸ supplied in sheet form
▸ the sheets being
produced either by
rolling or by cutting
from a block.
 49
McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition, Blackwell Science.
 Base plate wax

Three types of material are available:

▸ Type 1 soft wax
▸ Type 2 hard wax
▸ Type 3 extra hard

 50
McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition, Blackwell Science.
 Base plate wax

Only the type 3 material, stable at mouth temperature.

1. Type 1 material, hard at room temperature but soft
at mouth temperature and is used only for building
contours and veneers in the laboratory. The
2. Type 2 material ,for pattern production in temperate
climates.
3. Type 3 material for use in warmer climates.
Modelling waxes consist mainly of mixtures of
paraffin wax and beeswax and have melting points
in the range 49–58ºC.
 51
McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition, Blackwell Science.
 Base plate wax

Uses
▸ Baseplate wax is used mainly for making occlusal rims.

▸ Registering the vertical dimension.

▸ Holding artificial teeth to base plates.

▸ Extension of the impression tray. Patterns for orthodontic appliances.

▸ Spacer in custom tray for complete denture.

▸ Checking the occlusal clearance after crown preparation.

 McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition,

52 Blackwell Science.
 Sticky wax
▸ Sticky when melted and has the property of
adhering to the surfaces of various materials.
▸ Supplied as hexagonal sticks of various colors,
often yellow.
▸ Brittle at room temperature and assumes a thick
liquid consistency when heated.
▸ Can be scraped from the denture after the plaster
cast is made.
▸ It does not have more than 0.2% residue on
burnout and not more than 0.5% shrinkage from
43°C to 28°C.
 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,
53Mosby.
 Sticky wax
Uses
• Sticky wax has many uses in a dental
clinic and dental laboratory.
• It holds broken pieces of a denture
together and assembles components of
fixed partial dentures and wrought partial
dentures in preparation for soldering.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,

54Mosby.
 Disclosing wax

▸ Used to identify unequal

pressure points in a denture
that cause discomfort to the
patient.

▸ Since this wax indicates the

pressure points in the
dentures, it is also known as
pressure indicator wax.

 McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition,

55 Blackwell Science.
 Utility wax

▸ Has various uses. Composed of

beeswax, petroleum, and other soft
waxes.
▸ Pliable and tacky at 21°C–24°C and
has sufficient adhesion to build up.
Pliable enough at room temperature
to use without heating.
▸ Utility wax is red in colour and is
known as periphery wax.
▸ Supplied in the form of ropes and
hence called rope wax.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition, Mosby.

56
 Beading and boxing wax

▸ Processing wax.
▸ Beading wax is adapted
around the impression
borders to create land
area of the cast.
▸ Boxing wax is used to
build up vertical walls
Supplied in the form of
around the impression in long red strips of thickness
order to pour the gypsum ⅛ inch, width 1½ inches,
product to make cast and length 12 inches.
base.
 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,
57Mosby.
 Beading and boxing wax

▸ It is pliable at 21°C and

retains shape at 35°C, i.e., it
is soft enough to be
manipulated at room
temperature without warming.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,

58 Mosby.
 Low fusing impression wax

→ This made from spermaceti,from the head of the

sperm whale.
→ Flow under controlled pressure.
→ Used to reline or rebase dentures.
→ Advantages- boxing is not required, and
separators are not necessary when pouring the
cast.
→ Disadvantage - easily distorted and hence the
impressions must be handled with care.
 Materials used in dentistry. S.Mahalakshmi,first edition,2013.
59
 Bite registration wax

.
▸ It is used in dentulous mouth to record the relationship of
the upper and lower teeth in occlusion.
▸ This impression of the bite of the patient can be transferred
to the die stone model. After this, the opposing models can
be articulated more accurately.
▸ Then the bite impression can be removed to evaluate the
occlusion, clearance, and accurate fabrication of the
prosthesis (e.g., crown and fixed partial denture).

 Materials used in dentistry. S.Mahalakshmi,first edition,2013.

60
 Bite registration wax

▸ Wax is a popular
recording material used
for this purpose but has
proven to suffer from
inaccuracies due to its
dimensional variation
over time.

 Materials used in dentistry. S.Mahalakshmi,first edition,2013.

61
 Corrective impression waxes

→ These waxes are designed to flow at mouth

temperature,
→ Four types
1. IOWA WAX, white , by Dr.Smith.
2. Korecta wax no .4 , orange, by Dr
,O.C.Applegate
3. H-L Physiologic paste,yellow-white,by
Dr.C.S.Harkins
4. Adaptol , green,by Dr.N.G.Kaye.
 Materials used in dentistry. S.Mahalakshmi,first edition,2013.
62
 Corrective impression wax

→ Used as a veneer over a

original impression to register
detail of soft tissue in functional
state.
→ Composed of paraffin, ceresin,
beeswax, and may contain
metal particles.
→ They flow at oral temperature
and suppled as sheets or
cakes..

 Materials used in dentistry. S.Mahalakshmi,first edition,2013.

63
 Korecta wax

▸ It is the most commonly used wax for fluid wax technique., 4types,

▸ Extra hard no 1- pink, is a reinforcing material used only on the external

surface to support wax extensions beyond tray margins

▸ Hard no2 – yellow, is used in rebasing as a hard foundation for korecta-

waxes no 3 and 4 when extensive absorption necessitates a bulk of material.
Also used to restore occlusion in partial denture.
▸ Soft no 3-red, is for minor tray corrections and as an initial lining to stabilize
the tray.
▸ Extra soft no 4- orange, is to secure a completely adapted impression under
natural masticatory pressure. It leaves a finished surface and registers fine
tissue details.
64
 Iowa wax

▸ Developed to record the functional or supporting edentulous ridge.

▸ Ideal for atrophic or knife edge residual ridge. Can be used as a
secondary impression material or relining finished FPD.
▸ Designed primarily for impression technique to record tissue under
occlusal load.

 65
Materials used in dentistry. S.Mahalakshmi,first edition,2013.
 Alu wax

▸ Used to verify jaw relation

record.
▸ Contains aluminium and
cuprex chloride.
▸ Aluwax is available in
sheets of wax with a cloth
from centre

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,

66 Mosby.
 Bite wafers

▸ Designed for fast precise record.

Wafers have a foil laminated
center.
▸ Used for checking occlusal
relationships. Thin foil layer
prevents teeth from biting through.
▸ Copper particles provide uniform
flow of heat and soften quickly.
▸ Sets hard when chilled. Bite
sheets heat to dead soft when
warmed 580.

 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition,

67Mosby.
 Disinfection of dental waxes

→Wax rims and wax bites

should be disinfected by
the spray wipe spray
method using an
iodophor as
recommended by the
ADA.

DISINFECTION IN PROSTHODONTICS Sunny Jain1, Bhupender Yadav2, Shefali Phogat3, Reshu Madan
68
 → Crude beeswax -antibacterial activity against
several bacterial strains in vitro like Aspergillus
niger, Candida species, Salmonella enterica,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli.
→ It should be noted that due to the presence of
pro-vitamin A and other biologically active
substances, it is able to stimulate tissue
regeneration, which results in quick healing of
the affected tissues

Nandish Bantarahalli Thopegowda, Kamalakanth Shenoy, Ravishankar Kiaakkar Shankarnarayana, Jayaprakash Kukkila, Shama Bhat Vaddya, Kishore Gingipalli

69
 A comparative assessment of bite marks in analyzing the overlay
generation using styrofoam sheet and modeling wax with the dental casts
as one of the adjuncts for archiving the forensic records.
→ Compared to stryofoam ,the use of
wax interocclusal records for
articulator programming was shown
to be acceptable even with delayed
intervals, without concerns of
possible variations of condylar
settings due to storage time.

 Zainab H, Shaimaa, Pramod J, Hugar D, Sultana A. A comparative assessment of bite marks in analyzing the overlay generation using styrofoam sheet and modeling
wax with the dental casts as one of the adjuncts for archiving the forensic records: An in vivo study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2018 Jan-Apr;22(1):132-137.
70
 Beading wax in dental radiography
→ It can be used to line the periphery of
radiographs to blunt and ‘cushion’ the sharp
edges and improve comfort for patients.

→ This technique might be useful in children,

especially those with coagulopathies where
careful use of radiographic films is
encouraged to reduce risk of iatrogenic
accidental trauma to sublingual tissues.

→ It might also be useful in children/adults with

mandibular tori and lower palatal arch.

Yee R. Dental radiography: use of beading wax. Br Dent J. 2015 Mar;218(6):318. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.200
71
 Recycling of dental materials
→ In this technique 90% of wax can be recovered since wax is not
consumed but rejected, which can be easily collected and
purified by simple inexpensive method to remove all the
adhering impurities without affecting their properties.

→ By recycling dental materials in dental colleges of India (About

300 colleges). We can recover approximately 500-550
kilograms of base metal alloys (Co-Cr & Ni-Cr), about 500
kilograms of silver, 850 – 900 kilograms of mercury and 100,000
– 110,000 kilograms of waxes.

 Nandish Bantarahalli Thopegowda, Kamalakanth Shenoy, Ravishankar Kiaakkar Shankarnarayana, Jayaprakash Kukkila, Shama Bhat Vaddya, Kishore Gingipalli
72
 Wax as tissue simulating material

→ The soft tissues of the

average human cheek
can be simulated with
13-17 mm wax or 14.5
mm acrylic in in vitro
radiographic studies.

Saralaya S, B S J, Thomas NS, S M S. Bee wax and honey-a primer for OMFS. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Aug 19. doi: 10.1007/s10006-020-00893-0. Epub ahead of
print

73
 Bite wax in forensic odontology

→ Person identification is important in

criminology, and forensic odontologists are
key personnel for identifying a highly
individual dentition which could cause a
bitemark and which could be used to convict
or exculpate a suspect.
→ Bitemarks may be observed in skin, wax, from
a dental model indirectly from a photograph, a
scanned image of a dental model or food.

 Atsü SS, Gökdemir K, Kedici PS, Ikyaz YY. Bitemarks in forensic odontology. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 1998 Dec;16(2):30-4.
74
 ▸ In this study, the clinician can make irreversible
hydrocolloid impressions using wax on the periphery
or without wax on the periphery and feel confident
that the impression has not been compromised in its
ability to accurately reproduce the maxillary arch
when used. Caution should be exercised when
adding wax to the palate of the impression tray.
 

 Kotsiomiti E, McCabe JF. Waxes for functional impressions. J Oral Rehabil. 1996 Feb;23(2):114-20.

75
 Comparative study about marginal adaptation

• This study revealed that a significant statistical

difference in the marginal adaptation of three
materials light cured wax, inlay wax and
thermoplastic resin at all the three-time intervals.
• Light cured wax was found to be most accurate
at all time intervals, followed by thermoplastic
resin and inlay casting wax.

Gopalan RP, Nair VV, Harshakumar K, Ravichandran R, Lylajam S, Viswambaran P. A comparative evaluation of the marginal adaptation of a thermoplastic resin, a light
cured wax and an inlay casting wax on stone dies: An in vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2018 Jan-Mar;18(1):3-9

76
 Trends in selection of interocclusal record materials

▸ Trends in selection, techniques and usage of

interocclusal record material among practitioners.in
this cross sectional study, a questionnaire. The
results was statistically analysed.
▸ Most of the practitioner’s preferred wax (54.6%) as
an interocclusal recording material over
polyvinylsiloxane and polyether.

Maru K, Dwivedi A, Agarwal J, Vyas A, Jain S, Kulkarni P. Trends in Selection, Usage, and Techniques of Interocclusal Record Materials among Private
Dental Practitioners: A Survey. Contemp Clin Dent. 2018 Jun;9(Suppl 1):S127-S132
77
 Conclusion

▸ Wax being an important and irreplaceable

material in dentistry. Proper knowledge
about properties, uses and composition of
waxes enable dentist for easy, effective,
and efficient handling of material.

78
 References
 Kenneth J.Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier.
 Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition, Mosby.
 Materials used in dentistry. S.Mahalakshmi,first edition,2013.
 McCabe JF, Walls AWG: Applied dental materials, 8th edition, Blackwell Science.
 Craig, R. G., Eick, J. D., & Peyton, F. A. (1965). Properties of Natural Waxes Used in
Dentistry. Journal of Dental Research, 44(6), 1308–1316.
 Stephen J. Bonsor, Gavin J.Pearson ,A clinical guide to applied dental materials. First
edition.
 Yee R. Dental radiography: use of beading wax. Br Dent J. 2015 Mar;218(6):318.
 Maru K, Dwivedi A, Agarwal J, Vyas A, Jain S, Kulkarni P. Trends in Selection, Usage,
and Techniques of Interocclusal Record Materials among Private Dental Practitioners:
A Survey. Contemp Clin Dent. 2018 Jun;9(Suppl 1):S127-S132.

79
 DISINFECTION IN PROSTHODONTICS Sunny Jain1, Bhupender Yadav2, Shefali
Phogat3, Reshu Madan
 Nandish Bantarahalli Thopegowda, Kamalakanth Shenoy, Ravishankar Kiaakkar
Shankarnarayana, Jayaprakash Kukkila, Shama Bhat Vaddya, Kishore Gingipalli
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PMID: 22933536;
 Gopalan RP, Nair VV, Harshakumar K, Ravichandran R, Lylajam S, Viswambaran P. A
comparative evaluation of the marginal adaptation of a thermoplastic resin, a light
cured wax and an inlay casting wax on stone dies: An in vitro study. J Indian
Prosthodont Soc. 2018 Jan-Mar;18(1):3-9. doi: 10.4103/jips.jips_70_17.

80
 Dipak R Nayak, R Balakrishnan, P Hazarika, Prevention and management of
synechia in pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery using dental wax plates, International
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 Atsü SS, Gökdemir K, Kedici PS, Ikyaz YY. Bitemarks in forensic odontology. J
Forensic Odontostomatol. 1998 Dec;16(2):30-4.
 Hansen P, Franco R, Beatty M. Wax Lining in an Impression Tray and Accuracy in
Gypsum Cast Fabrication. J Prosthodont. 2016 Jan;25(1):44-8. Epub 2015 Oct 23.
 Zainab H, Shaimaa, Pramod J, Hugar D, Sultana A. A comparative assessment of bite
marks in analyzing the overlay generation using styrofoam sheet and modeling wax
with the dental casts as one of the adjuncts for archiving the forensic records: An in
vivo study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2018 Jan-Apr;22(1):132-137.
 Kotsiomiti E, McCabe JF. Waxes for functional impressions. J Oral Rehabil. 1996
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Thank you…

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