Module 1 | Basic

Concepts in Statistics
Lesson Objectives

1. To understand the different concepts in statistics;

2. To differentiate the major fields in statistics; and
3. To distinguish the different levels of measurement.
I. Definition of Statistics
 
Statistics is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.

II. Basic Concepts in Statistics

 
A. Population vs Sample
 
Population – a collection of all elements under
consideration in any statistical study.
 
Sample – a part or subset of the population from
which information is collected.
 
 
B. Variable, Observation, Data
 
Variable – is a characteristic or attribute of objects, people or events that can take
different values.
 
Observation – is a realized value of a variable.
 
Data – is the collection of observations.
 
C. Classification of Variables
C. Classification of Variables

1. Qualitative variable – is conceptualized and analyzed as distinct categories

Examples: eye color, sex, type of school

2. Quantitative variable – any characteristic that we measure or count in numbers

Examples: weight, height, monthly income

• Discrete variable – assume exact values

• Continuous variable – assume infinite values
D. Sources of Data
 
Primary data – data that come from the original source.
 
Secondary data – data that taken from previously recorded data.
 
E. Parameter vs Statistic
 
Parameter – a summary measure describing a specific characteristic of the population.
 
Statistic – a summary measure describing a specific characteristic of the sample.
III. Division of Statistics
 
1. Descriptive statistics – includes all the techniques used in organizing, summarizing,
and presenting the data on hand without drawing conclusion or inferences about a large
group.
 
2. Inferential statistics – includes all the techniques used in analyzing the sample data
that will lead to generalizations about a population from which the sample came from.
 
IV. Level of Measurement
 
1. Nominal – is mutually exclusive and exhaustive, meaning it is used to differentiate classes or
categories for purely classification or identification purposes.
 
Examples:
• Civil Status - Single, Married, Separated, Widowed
• Sex – Male, Female
 
2. Ordinal – it is used in ranking.
 
Examples:
• Socio-Economic Classification – A, B, C, D,E
• Highest Educational Attainment – Elementary Level, High School Level, College Level
• Sizes – Small, Medium, Large
 
IV. Level of Measurement
 
3. Interval – used to classify an element into distinct categories. The system has no true zero.
 
Examples:
• Temperature in degrees
 
4. Ratio – it has a true zero point.
 
Examples:
• Age
• Weight
• Salary
 
IV. Level of Measurement
 
 
Activities!

A. In each of the statements, tell whether descriptive or inferential statistics have been used.
 
1. The monthly average expenditure of per household is P10, 000.
2. 2A researcher tested the difference on the customers buying preference in different brand of
cellphones.
3. The Philippine Regulation Commission (PRC) ranks the result of the Certified Public Accountant
professional examination in 2018.
4. The effect of COVID19 virus to the death rate worldwide.
5. A campaign manager analyzes the effect of TV ads on the promotion of a senatorial candidate.
 
 
Activities!

B. Classify each variable as qualitative or quantitative.

 
1. Cost of personal computers
2. Favorite mall
3. Useful lifetime (in hours) of 100-watt light bulbs
4. Brand of personal computers
5. Amount of money spent
Activities!

C. Determine whether each of the following is nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.

 
1. Pag-IBIG number
2. Temperature measured in Kelvin scale
3. Beauty contest winners
4. Intelligence Quotient of employees
5. Salaries of the top ten CEOs in Makati City
6. Number of votes
7. Nationality of certain individuals
8. Courses offered in university belt
9. Military ranks
10. Number of votes in each Senatorial candidate