ELEMENTARY

MATHEMATICS

Course code: MATH-01

Saddam Hossain
Lecturer in Mathematics
Department of Basic Science
World University of Bangladesh
Email: shossain656@science.wub.edu.bd
Lecture Outcomes

Basic Concepts of Set

De Morgan’s Laws
 Basic Concepts of Set

 
Set: A set is a well-define collection or class of objects. By the
term well-defined we mean that we are given a collection of
objects with certain definite property or properties, given in such
a way that we are clearly able to distinguish whether a given
object is in our collection or not. Thus every collection of objects
is not a set.

The Objects in a set are called its elements or members or

entries.

Sets will be usually denoted by capital letters A, B, X, Y, P, Q etc.

whereas the elements of the sets will be denoted by small letters
x, y, z, a, b, c, p, q etc.

If an object is a member of a set A, we write , which means that

belongs to A or thatis an elements of A. On the other hand, if
does not belongs to A, we write .
 Basic Concepts of Set

 Representation of a set
There are two forms of representing a set.
1. The tabular form
2. The set builder form

The tabular form: The tabular form is the one in which the
elements of the set are listed within braces often separating by
commas.
As for example denotes the set of vowels in English alphabet.

The set builder form: The set builder form consists in

describing the set by property or properties common to all the
elements of the set.
As for example the set of all even numbers may be described as
.
 Basic Concepts of Set

 
Universal set: If all the sets under consideration are subsets of
a fixed set say U, then the fixed set U is called the universal set.
Example. In the study of sets of real and imaginary numbers, the
set of complex numbers is the universal set.

Set of natural number: Counting numbers are called natural

numbers. Thus the set is the set of natural numbers.

Finite and infinite set: A set is finite if it contains a finite

number of different elements or if it consists of a specific number
of elements otherwise the set is infinite.
As for example, the set of months in a year is finite whereas the
set is an infinite set.

Null set: A set which contains no elements is called the null set.
Which is also known as empty set or void set. It generally
denoted by or .
As for example, the set is the empty set.
 Basic Concepts of Set

 
Equivalent set: The number of distinct elements contained by a
finite set is called the cardinal number of the set.
Two finite sets are said to be equivalent if they have the same
number of distinct elements (same cardinal number).
Equivalent sets are not always equal, but equal sets are always
equivalent.
As for example, , are equivalent, but not equal.

Subset of a set: If every element of a set A is also an element of a

set B, then A is called a subset of B and is written as . Also if , then
we say that B is a super set of A and written as .

Prober Subset: If but , then A is called a proper subset of B.

Improper subset: If but , then A is called an improper subset of

B.
The null set is a proper subset of every set whereas every set is an
improper subset of itself.
 Basic Concepts of Set

 
Disjoint set: If two sets A and B have no elements in common,
i.e. if no element of A is in B and no element of B is in A then we
say that A and B are disjoint.

Power set: The family of all the subsets of any sets is called the
power set. We can find the elements of power set by .
Example. Let then the power set of S is

Union of sets: The union of two sets A and B is the set of all
elements which belong to A or to B or to both. It is generally
denoted by .
Example. Let and Then
 Basic Concepts of Set

 
Intersection of two sets: The intersection of two sets A and B is
the set of those elements which are common to both A and B. It is
generally denoted by .
Example. Let and Then

Difference of Sets: If A and B are two sets, then their difference

denoted by .
Example. Let and Then

Complement of a set: The complement of a set A is the set of all

those elements which do not belong to A. In other words, if U is the
universal set, then the complement of A is the set and is generally
denoted by or .
 De Morgan’s Laws

 Statement of De Morgan’s Laws: If A and B are any two sets then

Proof: 1) Let,

Again let,

Therefore,
 De Morgan’s Laws

 Proof: 2) Let,

Again let,

Therefore,
“The ink of the scholar is more sacred than the blood of the martyr.”
-Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

Thank You