2.

Binary phase shift keying (or) phase reversal keying

(bpsk)
 For binary signal p(t), modulated wave is given as
e(t) = p(t) cos ω0t

e' (t)  p' (t) cos ω 0 t

 Here LPF is used to remove second harmonic components.
 Carrier recovery (CR) is used to maintain exact replication of the in-
phase carrier signal.
 Bit timing recovery (BTR) is used to maintain synchronism with the
transmitter and receiver.
 Sample and hold (S/H) is used to sample an analog signal and hold
(store) its digital value for same time.
 The generated carrier must be in-phase with incoming carrier and hence
it is termed as coherent detection.
 To avoid Intersymbol Interference (ISI), sampling must be carried out
at bit rate and peak of output pulse.
 The S/H circuit should be synchronized with bit rate.
3. Quadrature phase shift keying
 The binary data are converted into 2 bits per symbol which is then
used to phase modulate the carrier.

 P(t) is converted into 2 binary streams Inphase and Quadrature

(I&Q) arm as Pi(t) & Pq(t).
 The output from I arm modulates the carrier directly and hence
called In-phase component.
 The output Q arm modulates, the carrier shifted by 90 degree called
as Quadrature component.
Carrier to noise ratio (C/N0)
Eb= PR/Rb & PR=Eb * Rb = C
[C/N0] = [ Eb/N0] + [Rb]
where Eb= Energy bit
Rb= bit rate
C= recived power (PR)
N0 = Noise spectral density
Advantage of QPSK
 BW of QPSK = 0.5 BW of BPSK
Disadvantage
 Modulator and demodulator circuits are complex.
Carrier recovery circuits
 The frequency multiplier is a non linear circuit which squares the

signal.
e 2 ( t )  P 2 ( t ) cos 2  0 t
 Voltage control oscillator (VCO) and Phase locked loop (PLL)
operates at carrier frequency.
 For QPSK, BER is
e(t)  2 cos(  0 t  n  / 4 )
 Frequency multiplication can be avoided by using costas loop
method
Digital video broadcast (dvb)
 It has been used on Terrestrial (DVBT), Cable (DVB-C) and satellite
(DVB-S).
 Those outcomes are the result of demands that communication
technology is an unlimited area.
 DVB Return channel via satellite (DVB-RCS) is the demand of Internet
technology via satellite.
Feature
 Reaches a lot of viewer around the world
 Deliver high quality digital video with less world
 DVB-S technology more mature was the innovation
 Capable to deliver internet traffic.
 The uplink transmission established by L-band and the downlink
served by Ku-band or C-band
 DVB-S system make use of multicast in internet protocol.
 Multicast communication is predicated on the need to send the same
content to multiple destinations simultaneously.
 Groups or individual who receive the transmission would dynamically
change their channel or keep tuned on one favorite channel.
 It is transmitting hundreds of channel on single frequency.
 A set of international standards for DVB defines for the physical layer
and data- link layer of a distribution system, as follow s:
1. Satellite video distribution (DVB-S)
2. Cable video distribution (DVB-C)
3. Terrestrial television video distribution (DVB-T)
4. Terrestrial television for handheld mobile devices (DVB-H)
 Distribution systems vary mainly in the modulation schemes used
1. DVB-S uses QPSK
2. DVB-S2 uses QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK
3. DVB-C (VHF/UHF) uses QAM
4. DVB-T (VHF/UHF) uses 16-QAM 0R 64-QAM combined with
Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CODFM)
 DVB devices interact with physical layer via Synchronous Serial
Interface or Asynchronous Serial Interface (ASI).
 The DVB is using MPEG2-TS as its transport system. The MPEG2-TS
maps the Packet Elementary System (PES) which produced by MPEG2
processor.
 MPEG2-TS are encapsulated in the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
done after in IP.
 Each IPTV stream carries a specific Packet Identification Data (PID).
 PID is used as an identification parameter for specific receiving group.
 If this parameter has setup not properly, then the transmission could not
be seen on the screen.
 IPTV stream consist of packet of fixed size, each of which carries a
stream identifying number called PID.
 These packets are aggregated into an IP packet, the IP packet is
transmitted using multicast methods.
 Each PID contains specific video, audio or data information.
 For satellite transmission and to remain adequate with existing
MPEG-2 technology, TS are encapsulated in Multiprotocol
Encapsulation (MPE) and then segmented and placed into TSs
via a device called IP Encapsulator (IPE).
 MPE is used to transmit datagram that exceed the length of the
DVB packet size.
 IPE handle statistical multiplexing and facilitate coexistence.
 IPE receives IP packets from Ethernet connection and encapsulates
packets using MPE and then maps these streams into an MPEG2-
TS.
 Once the device has encapsulated the data, the IPE forwards the data
packets to satellite link.
Multiple access
 A transponder in a satellite may be loaded by
a single carrier from an earth station and it is
referred to as single access mode of
operation.
 If the transponder loaded by a number of

carriers from a single or more than two earth

stations. This is known as multiple access.
Types of multiple access
 Frequency Division Multiple Access

 Time Division Multiple Access

 Code Division Multiple Access

 Space Division Multiple Access

 Each multiple access techniques are again classified based on
channels assigned to users, as follow
 Pre- assigned methods

 Demand – assigned methods

 Random- access methods

Single Access
 In single access, a single modulated

carrier occupies the entire BW

of a transponder.
 It is used on heavy traffic routes.

 Needs large earth station antenna .

 Each transponder channel can carry

60 one way voice circuits.

Pre-assigned FDMA
� Frequency slots are preassigned to
analog to digital signals.
� Each earth station is assumed to transmit
a 60 channel super group. Each group is
frequency modulated then it is converted
to a frequency in the uplink band.
� In fig, three earth stations access a single
satellite transponder channel
simultaneously and each earth station
communicates with other.
� Each earth station transmits one uplink
carrier and two downlink carriers.
� If uplink frequencies for 3 earth
stations are 6253MHz, 6273MHz
and 6278 MHz, then the downlink
frequencies will be 4028MHz,
4048MHz.
� Frequency allowance of 15MHz is
required for 3 earth stations. In the
transponder BW the remainder is
unused. It may be occupied by
some other carriers.
SCPC (single channel per carrier)
� In SCPC, single voice channel is allotted per carrier. These carrier are
frequency modulated or phase modulated.
� Each earth station may transmit more than one number of SCPC
signals.
� In Intel sat SCPC channeling scheme, the transponder BW is divided
into 800 channels and each channel BW is 45KHz.
� In duplex operation, the frequency pairs are separated by 18.045MHz.
� The pilot frequency is transmitted for frequency control. The adjacent
channel slots are vacant to avoid interference.
� Any one of the earth station act as primary station. The pilot
frequency is transmitted from this primary station.
� It provides a reference for AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) system of
the transmitter frequency synthesizers and local oscillators of the
receivers.
� If primary station is failure , then the pilot frequency is transmitted from
the back up station.
� In Intel sat SCPC, each channel is voice activated. In 2-way telephone
conversation, only one carrier is operative at any one time.
� For telephone calls, the one way utilization
time is equal to 40% of the call duration .
� SCPC systems are used on lightly
loaded routes. This type of service
is known as thin route service
Demand assigned FDMA
 The transponder frequency BW is divided into various channels.

The channel is assigned to each carrier.

 The carrier may be frequency modulated with message signal.

(FM/SCPC).
Methods of Demand Assigned FDMA
1. Polling Method
2. Centrally Controlled Random Access
3. Distributed Control Random Access
 Polling method

 One master earth station is there. It continuously polls all the earth

stations. If a call request occur, then frequency slots are assigned.

If the number of earth station is increased, then polling delay is
increased.
Centrally Controlled Random Access
 Earth request calls through the master earth station.
 Frequencies are assigned by the master station
 If there is no frequencies are available, the call request
will be placed in queue.
Distributed control random access.
 Control is at earth station.
 Spade system ( operated by Intelsat) is the example for
this method.
SPADE SYSTEM
� Spade Single channel per carrier Pulse code modulated Multiple
Access Demand Equipment.
� It was developed by Comsat. ( to use on Intelsat Satellite)
Channeling scheme for spade system
� Common signaling channel (CSC) is needed in this system.
� CSC BW= 160KHz; Center frequency= 18.045MHz
� Voice channel 1 and channel 2 are left vacant to avoid interference.
The corresponding channels 401 & 402 are left vacant.
� Channel 400 & channel 800 are left vacant to avoid interference.
� Totally 6 channels are left vacant and 794 channels are used.
� All the earth stations are permanently connected through CSC.
 Six earth stations are
connected through CSC.
Each earth station can
generate any one of 794
carrier frequencies using
frequency synthesizers.
 The list of currently
available frequencies are
available with each earth
station. It is continuously
updated.
� For example, a call to earth station 6 is initiated from earth station 3.
� Then station 3 select a currently available frequency pair randomly,
and signal this message to station 6 through CSC.
� Station 6 give acknowledgement through CSC.
� Once the circuit is established, the other earth stations are informed
to remove the selected frequency pair from the available list
( through CSC).
� The round trip time between earth station 3 initiate a cell and station
6 acknowledge it will be 600ms.
� During this round trip time the selected frequency pair may be
assigned to another circuit.
 At that time, CSC give the information to earth station 3to update
and to chose another frequency randomly.
 If a call is completed, then the circuit will be disconnected and the
frequency will be returned to the pool.
 So, signaling information is routed through the CSC. Each earth
station has DASS unit. (Demand Assignment Signaling and
Switching unit).
 It is used to perform the functions needed by the CSC.
Bandwidth Limited and Power limited TWT Amplifier Operation

Transponder bandwidth = BT or BTR

If number of carriers = k

Bandwidth of each carrier = B, then k=BT/B

� The power limitation occurs, when EIRP is not sufficient to meet
carrier to noise ratio (C/N) requirements.

FDMA Downlink Analysis

� Noise to carrier ratio, (N/C) = (N/C)U + (N/C)D + (N/C) IM
� (N/C)U = uplink noise to carrier ratio
� (N/C)D = downlink noise to carrier ratio
� (N/C) IM = carrier to inter modulation – noise ratio
 The required (N/C) value must be greater than or
equal to (N/C) value.
(N/C)req >= (N/C)
(N/C)req >= the required (N/C) value
(N/C)req >= (N/C)U + (N/C)D + (N/C) IM
(N/C)U = negligible value
(N/C) IM can be reduced with FDMA back off.
(N/C)req >= (N/C)D
(C/N)req >= (C/N)D
(C/N)D = [EIRP] D + [G/T]D – [LOSSES] – [ K] –[B]
[G/T] = [GR] – [TS] dB/K
PN = K TN BN
(C/N)req <= [EIRP] D + [G/T]D – [LOSSES] – [ K] –[B]
� For single carrier access, no back off needed then
(C/N)req <= [EIRP] S + [G/T]D – [LOSSES] – [ K] –
[B]TR
(C/N)req - [EIRP] S - [G/T]D + [LOSSES] + [ K] +[B]TR
<=0
� If the system is designed for signal carrier operation the quality sign
applies and the reference condition is
(C/N)req - [EIRP] S - [G/T]D + [LOSSES] + [ K] +[B]TR =0
� The o/p power of each FDMA carrier is
[EIRP] S = [EIRP]D – [ BO]o – [K]
If α is the fraction of the total bandwidth actually occupied, then
KB= α [B]TR ; B= α [B]TR / R
In terms of decilogs,
[B] = [ α] + [B]TR - [K]
(C/N)req <= [EIRP]S - [ BO]o – [K] + [G/T]D – [LOSSES] – [ K] -[α ] -
[B]TR + [K]
(C/N)req – [EIRP]S – [G/T]D – [LOSSES] + [ K] - [B]TR <=[BO]o -
[α ]
 If signal carrier access is used then, LHS term = 0

0 < = [BO]o -[α]

[α] < = [BO]o
To achieve best value [α]= - [BO]o
Since the backoff is always a positive number , [α]
must be negative or α is fractional.