BLINDNESS

Philip sebastian
 Blindness is strictly defined as the state of
being totally slight less in both the eyes.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES
 Agent factors
 The diseases mainly recognised as
responsible for visual impairment and
blindness in India are

 Cataract
 Trachoma
 Malnutrition
CATARACT
 The principal cause of blindness in india
totally is cataract responsible for between
50-70% of all cases. Cataract occurs more
frequently with advancing age. Blindness
caused by cataract is easily curable with
minor surgery.
TRACHOMA
 Trachoma causes alone are estimated to
number of 120 million in India. Trachoma
and associated bacterial conjunctivitis are
important causes of blindness in India
MALNUTRITION
 It is due to Vit.A deficiency and can results in
permanent blindness.
OTHERS
 Injuries as a cause of blindness account for
1.2% blindness in India. There is evidence
that injuries are on the increased level in
cottage industry , stone crushing, black
smithing ..etc
 The last group includes congenital disorders,
diabetes, hypertension, leprosy..etc
HOST FACTORS
 Age: About 80% of the blindness in India are
said to be lose their eye sight before they
reach 20 years and many under the age of 5
years.
 Trachoma, conjunctivitis and malnutrition
are the important causes of blindness among
children and younger age group.
 Cataract and diabetes are causes of
blindness among children and middle age.
Accidents and injuries occur at any age
group.
 Sex: higher prevalence of blindness will be
reported in females than in males in india.
MALNUTRITION
 As a cause of blindness malnutrition was
hardly recognised a few years ago.
 Occupational exposure
 Socio classes
CAUSES OF BLINDNESS IN INDIA
 Congenital
 Acquired
CONGENITAL
 Congenital abnormalities
 Hereditary diseases
ACQUIRED
 Traumatic
 Infective
 Neoplastic
 Nutritional
 Others
CLINICAL FEATURES
 Cataract is the opacity of the lens or its
capsules . The rays of light entering the eye
must pass through the pupil and lens to
reach the retina , any opacity of the lens
behind the pupil will produce alteration in
vision. The patient experiences no pain and
when a cataract develops the pupil which is
normally black becomes grey and later milky
white.
TRACHOMA
 It is the highly communicable disease of the
eye lids. . The symptoms are mild itching and
irritation.
GLAUCOMA
 Disease characterised by increased tension or
pressure with in eye and progressive loss of
visual field. Symptoms develop slowly. The
patient may have mild discomfort such as
tired feeling of the eye.
PREVENTION
 Primary level of prevention
 Before birth
 During birth
 After birth
 Parent care in home
 School health care

 Public care
 Work place
 Health education
SECONDARY PREVENTION
 Early treatment will cure trachoma before
the eye is damaged
 Administration of Vit A
 Vector control
 Provision of eye protection
DISABILITY LIMITATIONS AND
REHABILITATION
 The eye disease that are tackled by surgery
are cataract and glaucoma.
ANAEMIA
 It is a condition in which blood doesn’t have
enough healthy red blood cells or Hb.
Anaemia results from the lack of red blood
cells or dysfunctional red blood cells in the
body because of the lack of Hb in the body
DEFINITION
 A condition in which the Hb content of blood
is lower than normal as a result of deficiency
of one or more essential nutrients regardless
the cause of such deficiency.
WHO
CLASSIFICATION
 According to etiological ground,
 Nutritional
 A plastic
 Hemorrhagic
 Hemolytic
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
MCV
 Macrocytic anaemia MCV>100
 Normocytic anaemia 80<MCV<100
 Microcytic anaemia MCV<80
CAUSES
 Lack of iron, Vit B12 or folate
 Renal failure
 Invasion of Malignant cells
 Hypoplasia
 Normal bone marrow production but
increased removal of cells
 Blood loss
 Haemolysis
 Hypersplenism
HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
 Genetic
 Acquired
COMMON CAUSE OF ANAEMIA IN
INDIA
 Nutritional anaemia
IRON
 Sources : liver, fish, dry fruits, jaggery,
spinach, banana, meat
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF IRON
DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
 Signs
 Smooth tong
 Angular stomatitis
 Splenomegaly
 Paterson kelly syndrome
SYMPTOMS
 Tiredness
 Fatigability
 Headache
 Body ache
TREATMENT
 Treatment depends on the underlying
diagnosis